Aims
Assess bacterial diversity and richness in mucus samples from the gills of Atlantic salmon in comparison to preserved or fixed gill filament tissues. Ascertain whether bacterial diversity and ...richness are homogeneous upon different arches of the gill basket.
Methods and Results
Bacterial communities contained within gill mucus were profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. No significant difference in taxa richness, alpha (P > 0·05) or beta diversity indices (P > 0·05) were found between the bacterial communities of RNAlater preserved gill tissues and swab‐bound mucus. A trend of lower richness and diversity indices were observed in bacterial communities from posterior hemibranchs.
Conclusions
Non‐lethal swab sampling of gill mucus provides a robust representation of bacterial communities externally upon the gills. Bacterial communities from the fourth arch appeared to be the least representative overall.
Significance and Impact of the Study
The external mucosal barriers of teleost fish (e.g. gill surface) play a vital role as a primary defence line against infection. While research effort on the role of microbial communities on health and immunity of aquaculture species continues, the collection and sampling processes to obtain these data require evaluation so methodologies are consistently applied across future studies that aim to evaluate the composition of branchial microbiomes.
We present an overview of some concepts and methodologies we believe useful in modeling HIV pathogenesis. After a brief discussion of motivation for and previous efforts in the development of ...mathematical models for progression of HIV infection and treatment, we discuss mathematical and statistical ideas relevant to Structured Treatment Interruptions (STI). Among these are model development and validation procedures including parameter estimation, data reduction and representation, and optimal control relative to STI. Results from initial attempts in each of these areas by an interdisciplinary team of applied mathematicians, statisticians and clinicians are presented.
Children that undergo intraocular surgery have an exaggerated postoperative response compared to adults that can result in significant postoperative challenges and reduced post-operative visual ...acuity. Rabbits were used as an animal model for investigating aging differences, treatment options, and surgical techniques for anterior chamber surgical interventions due to similarities in anterior chamber size and decreasing postoperative response with age. In our study, juvenile and adult rabbits underwent lensectomy with intraocular lens (IOL) insertion to determine how ocular RNA transcripts and proteins change with age. Rabbits underwent lensectomy with IOL insertion, and aqueous humor (AH) was collected immediately prior to surgery and at the peak of the postoperative response on post-operative day 3. Proteins related to coagulation and inflammation were assessed using targeted mass spectrometry. In addition, the cornea and iris/ciliary body tissues were dissected, and transcripts analyzed using RNA sequencing. While clinically, juvenile rabbits have greater fibrin formation following intraocular surgery compared to older rabbits, this change does not appear to be related to relative abundance levels of coagulation and inflammatory proteins in the AH. Gene transcript levels from a variety of immune response and inflammatory pathways reflected significant increases when comparing operated to unoperated ocular tissues, indicating the significant impact that surgery has on each ocular structure. This work further advances our understanding of how the rabbit eye proteomic and transcriptomic changes in response to surgery with aging, as we seek to ultimately identify the mechanisms for the exaggerated postoperative responses after pediatric intraocular surgery.
•Preoperative levels of coagulation factors higher in adult rabbits compared to juveniles.•Proportional increase and not absolute abundance of proteins may drive formation of fibrin scarring.•Postoperative to preoperative abundance ratio of select coagulation and complement proteins change with aging.•Complement transcripts in the cornea not linked to increased abundance of protein in aqueous.
Cutaneous pseudolymphoma: A rare side effect of cyclosporine Foley, Catherine, MB BCh, MRCPI; Leonard, Niamh, MB; Wynne, Bairbre, MB BCh BAO LRCP&SI MRCPI
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology,
03/2015, Letnik:
72, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Erectile dysfunction (ED) mechanisms in diabetic patients are multifactorial and often lead to resistance to current therapy. Animal toxins have been used as pharmacological tools to study penile ...erection. Human accidents involving the venom of Phoneutria nigriventer spider are characterized by priapism. We hypothesize that PnTx2-6 potentiates cavernosal relaxation in diabetic mice by increasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This effect is neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) dependent. Cavernosal strips were contracted with phenylephrine (10(-5) M) and relaxed by electrical field stimulation (20 V, 1-32 Hz) in the presence or absence of PnTx2-6 (10(-8) M). Cavernosal strips from nNOS- and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-knockout (KO) mice, besides nNOS inhibitor (10(-5) M), were used to evaluate the role of this enzyme in the potentiation effect evoked by PnTx2-6. Tissue cGMP levels were determined after stimulation with PnTx2-6 in presence or absence of N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (10(-4) M) and ω-conotoxin GVIA (10(-6) M), an N-type calcium channel inhibitor. Results showed that PnTx2-6 enhanced cavernosal relaxation in diabetic mice (65%) and eNOS KO mice, but not in nNOS KO mice. The toxin effect in the cavernosal relaxation was abolished by nNOS inhibitor. cGMP levels are increased by PnTx2-6, however, L-NAME abolished this enhancement as well as ω-conotoxin GVIA. We conclude that PnTx2-6 facilitates penile relaxation in diabetic mice through a mechanism dependent on nNOS, probably via increasing nitric oxide/cGMP production.
Hyperuricemia in Severe Pulmonary Hypertension Voelkel, Marc A.; Wynne, Kristine M.; Badesch, David B. ...
Chest,
January 2000, 20000101, 2000, 2000-Jan, 2000-01-00, Letnik:
117, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Hyperuricemia occurs frequently inpatients with myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders andin patients with congenital heart disease associated with polycythemia.Whether hyperuricemia is ...common in patients with severe pulmonaryhypertension is not known.
In the Pulmonary Hypertension Center at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center between September 1991and August 1997, 442 consecutive patients were evaluated with rightheart catheterization; 191 patients also had a measurement of the serumuric acid (UA) in close temporal proximity to the hemodynamicevaluation.
Of the 191 patients with acomplete data set, 99 patients had primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH)and 92 had secondary pulmonary hypertension. For the entire cohort withsevere pulmonary hypertension (n = 191), there was a positivecorrelation between the natural logarithm of the serum UA (lnUA) andthe mean right atrial pressure (RAP; r = 0.47; p < 0.001). Whenanalyzed separately, the correlation between lnUA and RAP was strongerin the patients with PPH (r = 0.642; p < 0.001). This correlationcannot be explained by diuretic use or impaired hepatocellularfunction. Neither mean pulmonary artery pressure nor cardiac output wasas well correlated with the RAP when compared with the lnUA. Somepatients with PPH had serum UA measurements repeated during treatmentwith chronic IV prostacyclin infusion. Eleven of these 18 patients(61%) demonstrated a decrease in serum UA during prostacyclintreatment.
There is a positivecorrelation between the RAP elevation and the serum UA levels inpatients with PPH. Serum UA levels drop in some, but not all PPHpatients during chronic prostacyclin infusion therapy.
Handling North American bison can pose risk to the handler and evoke stress in the animal. Moreover, this induced stress might affect qualities of semen collected by electroejaculation. The objective ...of this study was to investigate if a long acting neuroleptic tranquilizer (LAN) would reduce the stress of bison and thereby improve the quality of electroejaculated semen. Eight experimental replicates were conducted between May and November. In each replicate, the same six bison bulls were randomly assigned into LAN-treated (n=3) and non-treated control (n=3) groups. Pipothiazine palmitate (Piportil L4) was administered intramuscularly as a single dose of 100mg in replicates 1–4 or 200mg in replicates 5–8. Within each replicate, semen was collected by electroejaculation at 4, 6, 11 and 13 days post treatment. Behavioral parameters, sperm morphology and motility parameters were analyzed. A blood sample was collected before each electroejaculation and serum concentrations of testosterone, cortisol and corticosterone were determined. Treatment bulls with 100mg of Piportil L4 reduced the restraint time and the struggling of bison bulls during handling compared to the control group (P<0.05). Semen motility parameters and serum concentrations of testosterone, cortisol and corticosterone were not significantly affected when 100mg of the LAN was administered (P>0.05). However, giving 200mg of Piportil L4 reduced the restraint time of bison bulls and the duration of semen collection (P<0.05). Also, this treatment improved total and progressive sperm motilities when compared to the respective controls (P<0.05). Interestingly, serum concentration of corticosterone, as an endocrine stress indicator, was decreased after administration of 200mg of Pipothiazine palmitate, while testosterone concentrations were increased compared to those values in untreated control bulls (corticosterone: 0.10±0.01 compared with 0.15±0.02ng/mL; testosterone: 9.11±1.68 compared with 5.33±0.74ng/mL; P<0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that a treatment dose of 200mg of Piportil L4 can decrease the behavioral and endocrine stress responses in bison bulls, which indirectly increasing testosterone concentrations and improving semen quality.
Dijet events produced in LHC proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy radicals = 8 TeV are studied with the ATLAS detector using the full 2012 data set, with an integrated luminosity of ...20.3 fb super(-1). Dijet masses up to about 4.5 TeV are probed. No resonancelike features are observed in the dijet mass spectrum. Limits on the cross section times acceptance are set at the 95% credibility level for various hypotheses of new phenomena in terms of mass or energy scale, as appropriate. This analysis excludes excited quarks with a mass below 4.06 TeV, color-octet scalars with a mass below 2.70 TeV, heavy W' bosons with a mass below 2.45 TeV, chiral W* bosons with a mass below 1.75 TeV, and quantum black holes with six extra space-time dimensions with threshold mass below 5.66 TeV.
A search for scalar particles decaying via narrow resonances into two photons in the mass range 65-600 GeV is performed using 20.3 fb(-1) of √s 8 TeV pp collision data collected with the ATLAS ...detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The recently discovered Higgs boson is treated as a background. No significant evidence for an additional signal is observed. The results are presented as limits at the 95% confidence level on the production cross section of a scalar boson times branching ratio into two photons, in a fiducial volume where the reconstruction efficiency is approximately independent of the event topology. The upper limits set extend over a considerably wider mass range than previous searches.
Measurements of inclusive jet production are performed in pp and Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=2.76 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC, corresponding to integrated luminosities of 4.0 and 0.14 nb-1, ...respectively. The jets are identified with the anti-kt algorithm with R=0.4, and the spectra are measured over the kinematic range of jet transverse momentum 32<pT<500 GeV and absolute rapidity y<2.1 and as a function of collision centrality. The nuclear modification factor RAA is evaluated, and jets are found to be suppressed by approximately a factor of 2 in central collisions compared to pp collisions. The RAA shows a slight increase with pT and no significant variation with rapidity.
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