Single‐atom catalysts have emerged as an efficient oxidant activator for eliminating organic pollutants in Fenton‐like systems. However, the complex preparation, single active site, lack of ...understanding of the fundamental mechanism, and harsh pH conditions currently limit their practical applications. In this work, single‐atom iron anchored nitrogen‐rich g‐C3N4 nanotubes (FeCNs) are designed and synthesized by a facile approach, and eco‐friendly peracetic acid (PAA) is selected as the oxidant for Fenton‐like reactions. The constructed heterogenous system achieves an enhanced degradation of various organic contaminants over a wide pH range of 3.0–9.0, exhibiting an ultrahigh and stable catalytic activity, outperforming equivalent quantities of pristine g‐C3N4 by 75 times. The 18O isotope‐labeling technique, probe method, and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the efficient catalytic activity relies on the high‐valency iron‐oxo species coupled with organic radicals generated by PAA. An increase in electron transport from the contaminant to the formed “metastable PAA/FeCN catalyst surface complex” is detected. A double driving mechanism for the tubular g‐C3N4 regulated by a single Fe site and PAA activation is proposed. This work opens an avenue for developing novel catalysts with the coexistence of multiple active units and providing opportunities for significantly improving catalytic efficiency.
Atomically dispersing Fe(III) sites into fine‐tuned nitrogen‐rich graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes are designed for peracetic acid activation and further for Fenton‐like reactions. This work opens a new avenue to develop heterogenous catalytic systems with higher reactivity and better durability using a double engine mechanism.
Schistosoma japonicum
has been successfully controlled in villages along Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. In addition to synchronous chemotherapy for humans and cattle, successful ...interventions have included the removal of cattle from snail-infested grasslands, improvements in sanitation, and intensive health education. The use of such interventions has now been adopted as the national control strategy for China.
Schistosoma japonicum
has been successfully controlled in villages along Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. In addition to synchronous chemotherapy for humans and cattle, successful interventions have included the removal of cattle from snail-infested grasslands, improvements in sanitation, and intensive health education.
During the past five decades, the Chinese government has placed a high priority on the control of schistosomiasis and has carried out many control programs.
1
–
3
These efforts have resulted in a substantial reduction in the prevalence of infection with
Schistosoma japonicum
in humans, from approximately 11.6 million cases in the mid-1950s to 726,000 cases in 2004.
4
The number of provinces in which this disease is endemic has been reduced from 12 to 7. In spite of these achievements, progress in the control of this disease appeared to be stagnating.
5
,
6
National surveys of schistosomiasis in China showed that the . . .
AbstractObjectiveTo estimate all cause mortality and cause specific mortality among patients taking proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).DesignLongitudinal observational cohort study.SettingUS Department of ...Veterans Affairs.ParticipantsNew users of PPIs (n=157 625) or H2 blockers (n=56 842).Main outcome measuresAll cause mortality and cause specific mortality associated with taking PPIs (values reported as number of attributable deaths per 1000 patients taking PPIs).ResultsThere were 45.20 excess deaths (95% confidence interval 28.20 to 61.40) per 1000 patients taking PPIs. Circulatory system diseases (number of attributable deaths per 1000 patients taking PPIs 17.47, 95% confidence interval 5.47 to 28.80), neoplasms (12.94, 1.24 to 24.28), infectious and parasitic diseases (4.20, 1.57 to 7.02), and genitourinary system diseases (6.25, 3.22 to 9.24) were associated with taking PPIs. There was a graded relation between cumulative duration of PPI exposure and the risk of all cause mortality and death due to circulatory system diseases, neoplasms, and genitourinary system diseases. Analyses of subcauses of death suggested that taking PPIs was associated with an excess mortality due to cardiovascular disease (15.48, 5.02 to 25.19) and chronic kidney disease (4.19, 1.56 to 6.58). Among patients without documented indication for acid suppression drugs (n=116 377), taking PPIs was associated with an excess mortality due to cardiovascular disease (22.91, 11.89 to 33.57), chronic kidney disease (4.74, 1.53 to 8.05), and upper gastrointestinal cancer (3.12, 0.91 to 5.44). Formal interaction analyses suggested that the risk of death due to these subcauses was not modified by a history of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, or upper gastrointestinal cancer. Taking PPIs was not associated with an excess burden of transportation related mortality and death due to peptic ulcer disease (as negative outcome controls).ConclusionsTaking PPIs is associated with a small excess of cause specific mortality including death due to cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and upper gastrointestinal cancer. The burden was also observed in patients without an indication for PPI use. Heightened vigilance in the use of PPI may be warranted.
ObjectiveProton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used, and their use is associated with increased risk of adverse events. However, whether PPI use is associated with excess risk of death is unknown. ...We aimed to examine the association between PPI use and risk of all-cause mortality.DesignLongitudinal observational cohort study.SettingUS Department of Veterans Affairs.ParticipantsPrimary cohort of new users of PPI or histamine H2 receptor antagonists (H2 blockers) (n=349 312); additional cohorts included PPI versus no PPI (n=3 288 092) and PPI versus no PPI and no H2 blockers (n=2 887 030).Main outcome measuresRisk of death.ResultsOver a median follow-up of 5.71 years (IQR 5.11–6.37), PPI use was associated with increased risk of death compared with H2 blockers use (HR 1.25, CI 1.23 to 1.28). Risk of death associated with PPI use was higher in analyses adjusted for high-dimensional propensity score (HR 1.16, CI 1.13 to 1.18), in two-stage residual inclusion estimation (HR 1.21, CI 1.16 to 1.26) and in 1:1 time-dependent propensity score-matched cohort (HR 1.34, CI 1.29 to 1.39). The risk of death was increased when considering PPI use versus no PPI (HR 1.15, CI 1.14 to 1.15), and PPI use versus no PPI and no H2 blockers (HR 1.23, CI 1.22 to 1.24). Risk of death associated with PPI use was increased among participants without gastrointestinal conditions: PPI versus H2 blockers (HR 1.24, CI 1.21 to 1.27), PPI use versus no PPI (HR 1.19, CI 1.18 to 1.20) and PPI use versus no PPI and no H2 blockers (HR 1.22, CI 1.21 to 1.23). Among new PPI users, there was a graded association between the duration of exposure and the risk of death.ConclusionsThe results suggest excess risk of death among PPI users; risk is also increased among those without gastrointestinal conditions and with prolonged duration of use. Limiting PPI use and duration to instances where it is medically indicated may be warranted.
This study aimed to determine the relationship between latent classes of adverse childhood experience (ACEs) and internalizing disorders (anxiety and depression) among US children. The 2016 National ...Survey of Children’s Health data for children aged 6–17 was used. Latent class analysis was performed to identify distinct sub-types of ACE exposures and survey-weighted logistic regression models were employed to determine whether these classes were associated with any or comorbid childhood internalizing disorders, after controlling for meaningful covariates. Four latent classes were identified: income hardship, divorce, mental health or substance abuse exposure, and high ACEs overall. Children in three of the four classes were significantly more likely to have any childhood internalizing disorder when compared to children reporting no ACEs, while children in all classes were significantly more likely to have a comorbid history of anxiety and depression. Thus, children exposed to ACEs should receive necessary mental health screenings and treatments.
Experimental evidence suggests that higher levels of urea may increase insulin resistance and suppress insulin secretion. However, whether higher levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are associated ...with increased risk of incident diabetes mellitus in humans is not known. To study this, we built a national cohort of 1,337,452 United States Veterans without diabetes to characterize the association of BUN and risk of incident diabetes. Over a median follow-up of 4.93 years, there were 172,913 cases of incident diabetes. In joint risk models of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and BUN. there was no association between eGFR and the risk of incident diabetes in those with a BUN of 25 mg/dl or less. However, the risk was significantly increased in those with a BUN over 25 mg/dl at all eGFR levels, even in those with an eGFR of 60 ml/min/1.73m2 or more (hazard ratio 1.27; confidence interval 1.24-1.31). The risk of incident diabetes was highest in those with BUN over 25 mg/dL and an eGFR under 15 ml/min/1.73m2 (1.68; 1.51-1.87). Spline analyses of the relationship between BUN and risk of incident diabetes showed that risk was progressively higher as BUN increased. In models where eGFR was included as a continuous covariate, compared to a BUN of 25 mg/dl or less, a BUN over 25 mg/dl was associated with increased risk of incident diabetes (1.23; 1.21-1.25). Every 10 ml/min/1.73m2 decrease in eGFR was not associated with risk of incident diabetes (1.00; 1.00-1.01). Two-stage residual inclusion analyses showed that, independent of the impact of eGFR, every 10 mg/dL increase in BUN concentration was associated with increased risk of incident diabetes (1.15; 1.14-1.16). Thus, higher levels of BUN are associated with increased risk of incident diabetes mellitus.
To obtain a pure product without the isomer byproducts is a goal that many chemists are pursuing. As one kind of very important synthesis method, the photochemical reaction is simple and ...straightforward yet low-selective. In this work, a coordination interaction-based oriented synthesis strategy has been proposed to realize the precise stereochemical control of the isomeric cyclic compounds in the photocycloaddition reaction. Through fixing the reactants via coordination interactions, the arrangements and configurations of the reactants can be adjusted, thereby successfully producing all of the related photocycloaddition products without isomer byproducts for the first time. This work not only provides a new route to synthesize the pure cyclic compounds but also expands the application of the photocycloaddition reaction.
Elevated levels of fine particulate matter <2.5
m in aerodynamic diameter (PM
) are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular outcomes and death, but their association with risk of CKD and ...ESRD is unknown. We linked the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Veterans Affairs databases to build an observational cohort of 2,482,737 United States veterans, and used survival models to evaluate the association of PM
concentrations and risk of incident eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m
, incident CKD, eGFR decline ≥30%, and ESRD over a median follow-up of 8.52 years. County-level exposure was defined at baseline as the annual average PM
concentrations in 2004, and separately as time-varying where it was updated annually and as cohort participants moved. In analyses of baseline exposure (median, 11.8 interquartile range, 10.1-13.7
g/m
), a 10-
g/m
increase in PM
concentration was associated with increased risk of eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m
(hazard ratio HR, 1.21; 95% confidence interval 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.29), CKD (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.38), eGFR decline ≥30% (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.18 to 1.39), and ESRD (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.35). In time-varying analyses, a 10-
g/m
increase in PM
concentration was associated with similarly increased risk of eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m
, CKD, eGFR decline ≥30%, and ESRD. Spline analyses showed a linear relationship between PM
concentrations and risk of kidney outcomes. Exposure estimates derived from National Aeronautics and Space Administration satellite data yielded consistent results. Our findings demonstrate a significant association between exposure to PM
and risk of incident CKD, eGFR decline, and ESRD.
Despite the global context, only 6% of Australia's total energy consumption was derived from renewables, while 86.3% of electricity was generated from fossil fuels. However, this trend has been ...disrupted by the recent decommissioning and closure of a fleet of ageing coal power plants, along with the country's international commitments to reduce fossil fuel emissions. Currently, Australia is at a crucial stage of its transition to renewable energy adoption. With the purpose of providing an updated depiction of renewable energy, related policy and the way ahead in the Australian context, this research paper presents a systematic review of contemporary literature from the perspectives of energy potential, utilisation and policy incentives. The research analysed a total of 118 documents using an interpretivist epistemological lens; emergent findings offer an evidence-based, lucid account of advancements in the renewable energy market. Polynomial regression analysis is also conducted on secondary data obtained from the literature to predict trends in the electricity generated by different sources of renewable energy. The work also identifies several areas that require attention, including: (1) the most recent time-varying feed-in tariffs (TV FiTs) which offer the innate potential to alter consumer attitudes toward power usage at peak times, thereby improving grid security; (2) the increasingly popular integration of waste-to-energy with other sources of renewable energy emerges as a viable complementary solution to meet energy demands; (3) the increasing utilisation of subsidised geothermal energy installations which are set to rise exponentially in the future; and (4) the use of Public Private Partnerships (PPP) for developing renewable energy generation infrastructure and how this investment may facilitate the national transition to renewable energy adoption. This research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by raising awareness of the current state of renewable energy in Australia, along with proposing pragmatic recommendations for overcoming any challenges posed. As a comprehensive reference, this study provides practitioners and policymakers with thorough, reliable and collated information on Australia's current renewable energy position.
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