This paper investigates the multi-antenna covert communications assisted by a simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS). In particular, to shelter the ...existence of covert communications between a multi-antenna transmitter and a single-antenna receiver from a warden, a friendly full-duplex receiver with two antennas is leveraged to make contributions where one antenna is responsible for receiving the transmitted signals and the other one transmits the jamming signals with a varying power to confuse the warden. Considering the worst case, the closed-form expression of the minimum detection error probability (DEP) at the warden is derived and utilized in a covert constraint to guarantee the system performance. Then, we formulate an optimization problem maximizing the covert rate of the system under the covertness constraint and quality of service (QoS) constraint with communication outage analysis. To jointly design the active and passive beamforming of the transmitter and STAR-RIS, an iterative algorithm based on semi-definite relaxation (SDR) method and Dinkelbach's algorithm is proposed to effectively solve the non-convex optimization problem. Simulation results show that the proposed STAR-RIS-assisted scheme highly outperforms the case with conventional RIS, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm as well as the superiority of STAR-RIS in guaranteeing the covertness of wireless communications.
Citrinin (CTN) is a secondary fungal metabolite produced by several species of Aspergillins and Penicillins, and it is widely found in vegetable-derived foods such as cereals and fermented rice-based ...food supplements. Previous studies indicated that CTN had immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity, which caused severe effects on human and animal health. However, the potential toxicity of CTN on the organelles of mouse oocytes is still unclear. In this study, we showed that the exposure to 30 μM CTN significantly reduced the developmental capacity of mouse oocytes. Our results revealed that mitochondria exhibited abnormal distribution and mitochondrial membrane potential decreased under CTN exposure. And the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) failed to accumulate to the spindle periphery, which is accompanied by the occurrence of ER stress, showing with increased GRP78 expression. We also found that similar with ER, the Golgi apparatus showed homogenous localization pattern after CTN exposure, and the vesicle transport was disturbed, showing with aberrant expression and localization of Rab11a. Moreover, our results indicated that CTN exposure increased the expression of LAMP2, indicating the induction of lysosomal damage. In summary, our study showed that CTN exposure to mouse oocytes was toxic to the distribution and functions of organelles, which further led to a decrease of oocyte quality.
•CTN exposure disturbed mitochondria distribution and membrane potential.•CTN caused aberrant ER accumulation and induced GRP78-based ER stress.•CTN disturbed Golgi apparatus localization and Rab11a-based vesicle transport.•CTN exposure increased LAMP2 expression and caused lysosomal damage.
Ganoderma sinense is a Chinese unique medicinal fungus that has been used in folk medicine for thousands of years. Polysaccharides are considered to be biologically active ingredients due to their ...immune-modulating functions. Previously we found that GSP-2, a new polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma sinense, exerts an immunomodulatory effect in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells but the underlying mechanism is unclear. The present study aimed to investigate how GSP-2 triggers immunologic responses and the implicated signaling pathways. GSP-2 effects were investigated both in a macrophagic cell line, RAW264.7, and in primary macrophages. Moreover, the molecular basis of GSP-2 recognition by immune cells, and the consequent activation of signaling cascades, were explored by employing recombinant human HEK293-TLR-Blue clones, individually overexpressing various Toll-like receptors. GSP-2 dose-dependently induced the overexpression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) but did not affect the expression of other TLRs. Moreover, GSP-2 induced TNFα secretion in primary macrophages from wild-type, but not TLR4-knockout mice. In addition, GSP-2 upregulated TLR4 protein expression and activated the MAPK pathway in RAW246.7 macrophages. Finally, GSP-2 induced the production of the cytokines TNFα, IL1β, and IL6. Our data demonstrated that GSP-2 was specifically recognized by TLR4, promoting cytokine secretion and immune modulation in macrophages.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
E3 ubiquitin ligases play important roles in plant immunity, but their role in soybean has not been investigated previously. Here, we used Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV)-mediated virus-induced gene ...silencing (VIGS) to investigate the function of GmSAUL1 (Senescence-Associated E3 Ubiquitin Ligase 1) homologs in soybean. When two closely related SAUL1 homologs were silenced simultaneously, the soybean plants displayed autoimmune phenotypes, which were significantly alleviated by high temperature, suggesting that GmSAUL1a/1b might be guarded by an R protein. Interestingly, silencing GmSAUL1a/1b resulted in the decreased activation of GmMPK6, but increased activation of GmMPK3 in response to flg22, suggesting that the activation of GmMPK3 is most likely responsible for the activated immunity observed in the GmSAUL1a/1b-silenced plants. Furthermore, we provided evidence that GmSAUL1a is a bona fide E3 ligase. Collectively, our results indicated that GmSAUL1 plays a negative role in regulating cell death and immunity in soybean.
Haemaphysalis longicornis is drawing attentions for its geographic invasion, extending population, and emerging disease threat. However, there are still substantial gaps in our knowledge of viral ...composition in relation to genetic diversity of H. longicornis and ecological factors, which are important for us to understand interactions between virus and vector, as well as between vector and ecological elements.
We conducted the meta-transcriptomic sequencing of 136 pools of H. longicornis and identified 508 RNA viruses of 48 viral species, 22 of which have never been reported. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrion sequences divided the ticks into two genetic clades, each of which was geographically clustered and significantly associated with ecological factors, including altitude, precipitation, and normalized difference vegetation index. The two clades showed significant difference in virome diversity and shared about one fifth number of viral species that might have evolved to "generalists." Notably, Bandavirus dabieense, the pathogen of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome was only detected in ticks of clade 1, and half number of clade 2-specific viruses were aquatic-animal-associated.
These findings highlight that the virome diversity is shaped by internal genetic evolution and external ecological landscape of H. longicornis and provide the new foundation for promoting the studies on virus-vector-ecology interaction and eventually for evaluating the risk of H. longicornis for transmitting the viruses to humans and animals. Video Abstract.
The allometric relationship among different functional traits is an ecological strategy for plants to promote resource utilization, which indicates the ability of plants to adapt to environmental ...changes coordinately. In this study, we conducted a field survey on
Haloxylon ammodendron
and
H. persicum
among different terrains (dune crest, eastern slope, western slope and inter-dune) in the Gurbantunggut Desert, obtained their quantitative and morphological characteristics, and analyzed their allometric relationships between plant height and canopy radius, plant height and basal diameter by using standardized major axis estimation. We found that: (1) The dominated terrains of
H. ammodendron
and
H. persicum
were different; (2) The individual morphology of the two
Haloxylon
species changed significantly with the terrains (
p
< 0.05), with the largest and smallest ones growing on the eastern slope and the inter-dune lowland, respectively; (3) Fixed allometric patterns were observed in the above-ground parts of the two
Haloxylon
species, as the growth of canopy and basal stem was preferentially to plant height; (4) These allometric relationships were significantly affected by the terrain, and exhibited discrepancy between two species, they both invested less in plant height in windy habitats, such as the dune crest and western slope, but
H. ammodendron
growing on the western slope and
H. persicum
growing on the eastern slope invested more in basal diameter for strengthening mechanical support and resources acquisition, respectively. These results indicated that both studied species adopted an ecological strategy that allocating more resources to horizontal expansion rather than vertical growth, the terrain has an important influence on the allometric relationship of their above-ground parts, and the trade-off mechanism of main components investing was different for these two species due to habitat heterogeneity and ecological adaptability.
Abstract
n-butane and isobutane are important petrochemical raw materials. Their separation is challenging because of their similar properties, including boiling point. Here, we report a zeolitic ...imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8)/N,N-Dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU)-water slurry as sorption material to separate butane mixtures. The isobutane/n-butane selectivity of ZIF-8/DMPU-water slurries is as high as 890 with high kinetic performance, which transcends the upper limit of various separation materials or membranes reported in the literature. More encouragingly, a continuous pilot separation device was established, and the test results show that the purity and recovery ratio of isobutane product are 99.46 mol% and 87%, respectively, which are superior to the corresponding performance (98.56 mol% and 54%) of the industrial distillation tower. To the best of our knowledge, the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for gas separation in pilot scale remains underexplored, and thus this work provides a step forward to the commercial application of MOFs in gas separation.
In this paper we establish a min–max relation in arc-weighted reducible flow graphs. In particular, we prove that the maximum cardinality of feedback arc set packings equals the minimum total weight ...of cycles. We also present an
O
(
n
2
m
)
algorithm for finding a maximum feedback arc set packing in reducible flow graphs.
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•Nitrite exposure decreased hemocyanin contents and caused severe oxidative stress.•Nitrite exposure influenced immune defense, cytoskeleton remodeling and apoptosis.•Amino acid ...metabolism, lipid metabolism and nucleotide metabolism were disrupted.•Higher antioxidative ability and enhanced fatty acids were observed in LV-NT.•Increased detoxification gene and HIF-1α expression were related to tolerance.
Nitrite accumulation in aquatic environments is a potential risk factor that disrupts multiple physiological functions in aquatic animals. In this study, the physiology, transcriptome and metabolome of the control group (LV-C), nitrite-tolerance group (LV-NT) and nitrite-sensitive group (LV-NS) were investigated to identify the stress responses and mechanisms underlying the nitrite tolerance of Litopenaeus vannamei. After LV-NT and LV-NS were subjected to nitrite stress, the hemocyanin contents were significantly decreased, and hepatopancreas showed severe histological damage compared with LV-C. Likewise, the antioxidant enzymes were also significantly changed after nitrite exposure. The transcriptome data revealed differentially expressed genes associated with immune system, cytoskeleton remodeling and apoptosis in LV-NT and LV-NS. The combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed nitrite exposure disturbed metabolism processes in L. vannamei, including amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and lipid metabolism. The multiple comparative analysis implicated that higher nitrite tolerance of LV-NT than LV-NS may be attributed to enhanced hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression to regulate energy supply and gaseous exchange. Moreover, LV-NT showed higher antioxidative ability, detoxification gene expression and enhanced fatty acids contents after nitrite exposure in relative to LV-NS. Collectively, all these results will greatly provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the stress responses and tolerance of nitrite exposure in L. vannamei.
Lubricant infused surfaces (LISs) are promising platforms to address the icing problems, but their long-term stability remains a significant challenge. In this study, a durable LIS with photothermal ...response and reversible solid/liquid transformation was fabricated to rapidly thaw frost accumulation and reduce ice accretion. The newly designed LIS was manufactured by infusing low-melting cocoa oil and efficient photothermal Fe3O4 nanoparticles into anodized aluminum oxide substrate. Upon irradiation with infrared light, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles could absorb light energy and melt the solid lubricant into slippery liquid. The dual actions of surface heating and slipperiness of melted lubricant promoted the thawing of frost/ice and de-adhesion of ice block. Additionally, the durability of LIS was strengthened by the combination of the self-healing effect of the melted lubricant, and the robustness of the solid state. The hydrophobic lubricant diminished the lubricant loss during repeating freezing/unfreezing cycles and withstood longtime flowing water impact. The proposed concept of switchable hydrophobic/slippery lubricant will advance the design of durable LISs and provide a promising LIS platform for deicing application.
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•The lubricant infused surface was fabricated by infusing cocoa oil and Fe3O4 into anodic aluminum oxide.•The lubricant could be melted by heating at 46 °C due to the photothermal effect of Fe3O4.•The surface possessed low ice adhesion (0.3 KPa) and efficient defrost/deicing performance.•The melted lubricant repaired the defects and the solid lubricant could withstand fluid impact.
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