Purpose
Probiotics have been reported to be beneficial for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the types, number of strains, dosage, and intervention time of probiotics used remain controversial. ...Furthermore, the changes of gut microbiota in IBD’s patients are also intriguing. Thus, this meta-analysis was to explore the clinical effects and gut microbiota changes of using probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in IBD.
Methods
The search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane library from inception to April 2020. Qualified randomized controlled trials were included. IBD’s remission rate, disease activity index and recurrence rate were extracted and analyzed. Changes in the gut microbiota of patients with IBD are comprehensively described.
Results
Thirty-eight articles were included. Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics can induce/maintain IBD’s remission and reduce ulcerative colitis (UC) disease activity index (RR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.02, 1.26,
P
< 0.05; SMD = 1.00, 95% CI 0.27, 1.73,
P
< 0.05). In subgroup analyses of IBD remission rate and UC disease activity index, we obtained some statistically significant results in some subgroup (
P
< 0.05). To some extent, probiotic supplements can increase the number of beneficial bacteria (especially
Bifidobacteria
) in the intestinal tract of patients with IBD.
Conclusions
Our results support the treatment of IBD (especially UC) with pro/pre/synbiotics, and synbiotics are more effective. Probiotic supplements that are based on
Lactobacillus
and
Bifidobacterium
or more than one strain are more likely to be beneficial for IBD remission. The dose of 10
10
–10
12
CFU/day may be a reference range for using probiotics to relieve IBD.
BackgroundThe cGAS-STING pathway, which is crucial in antitumor immunotherapy, has been a research focus in developing STING agonists for cancer immunotherapy. However, the use of these agonists in ...clinical applications has been hindered by their instability, low bioactivity, and severe side effects. In this study, we created a new class of ‘self-oxygenated’ polymeric nanoparticles with redox-responsive properties that can deliver STING agonists while enhancing sonodynamic therapy (SDT). This approach aimed to efficiently activate the cGAS-STING pathway and achieve a synergistic effect between SDT and immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer.MethodsThe nanosystem diABZI-ITPF@O2 was obtained using the polycondensation reaction and thin-film method. The hypoxia relief and sonodynamic therapeutic effects of this oxygen-carrying nanosystem on human and murine pancreatic cell lines were studied. The tumor growth inhibition of the STING-activating nanosystem was evaluated in both subcutaneous and orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse models. For mechanistic analysis, the study investigated the induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), dendritic cell maturation, and T cell activation using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and RT-qPCR.ResultsThe spherical nanoparticles (diABZI-ITPF@O2) were formed by the amphiphilic fluoropolymer, with an average size of approximately 105.0 ± 3.6 nm. These nanoparticles could penetrate cancer cells, escape from lysosomes, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) when exposed to ultrasound, and release drugs triggered by ROS. Moreover, this nanosystem exhibited a specific accumulation in tumor sites, alleviated tumor hypoxia, and induced an abscopal response. Consequently, it demonstrated a synergistic efficacy in SDT-immunotherapy, while minimizing immune-associated toxicity in both subcutaneous and orthotopic pancreatic cancer model. Mechanically, the ICD triggered by SDT would enhance the expression of co-stimulators on dendritic cells (DCs), while the activation of STING would stimulate the production of IFN-β, CCL5, CCL10, and CCL11, thereby facilitating the recruitment and activation of cytotoxic T cells (figure 1). This process would ultimately transform the pancreatic tumor microenvironment from poor immunogenicity to T cell inflammation.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated that the diABZI-ITPF@O2 nanosystem successfully targeted tumor sites, alleviated tumor hypoxia, improved SDT efficiency, and effectively triggered the activation of the STING pathway. This activation then promoted the recruitment and activation of DCs and T cells, ultimately leading to a more powerful and effective antitumor immune response. These findings may offer new perspectives on the creation of a highly effective SDT-immunotherapy nanosystem, with the potential to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy.Ethics ApprovalAll animal experiments were performed in accordance with the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) guidelines and the protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of West China hospital, Sichuan University.Abstract 897-E Figure 1(A) The structure and self-assembly diagram of a ‘self-oxygenated’ and redox responsive. (B) Schematic diagram of diABZI-ITPF@O2 nanosystem for synergistic immuni-sonodynamic therapy (SDT) to improve pancreatic cancer immunotherapy (a). Intravenous injection of diABZI-ITPF@O2 was performed on subcutaneous or orthotopic pancreatic mouse models. (b). The nanosystem accumulated at the tumor sites due to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. (c). Ultrasound irradiation resulted in the generation of a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with the assistance of the carried O2. (d). The nanosystem degraded upon ROS activation, leading to the release of diABZI. (e). Activation of STING occurred through diABZI, causing the production of cytokines and chemokines. (f). T cells were triggered and recruited to migrate towards the tumor sites. (g). SDT induced cell death (ICD) of cancer cells, releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). (h) DAMPs promoted enrichment and maturation of Dcs. (i) The activation of T cells was facilitated by matured DCs. (j) Naive T cells differentiated into cytotoxic T cells, displaying enhanced antitumor effects
Ions transport through confined space with characteristic dimensions comparable to the Debye length has many applications, for example, in water desalination, dialysis, and energy conversion. ...However, existing 2D/3D smart porous membranes for ions transport and further applications are fragile, thermolabile, and/or difficult to scale up, limiting their practical applicability. Now, polymeric carbon nitride alternatively allows the creation of an ultrathin free‐standing carbon nitride membrane (UFSCNM), which can be fabricated by simple CVD polymerization and exhibits excellent nanofluidic ion‐transport properties. The surface‐charge‐governed ion transport also endows such UFSCNMs with the function of converting salinity gradients into electric energy. With advantages of low cost, facile fabrication, and the ease of scale up while supporting high ionic currents, UFSCNM can be considered as an alternative for energy conversion systems and new ionic devices.
An ultrathin free‐standing polymeric carbon nitride membrane (UFSCNM) is fabricated by simple CVD polymerization and exhibits excellent surface‐charge‐governed ion transport properties, which endow UFSCNM with function of salinity gradient energy conversion. With advantage of low cost, facile fabrication, and ease of scaling up to support high ionic currents, UFSCNM should be an alternative for new ionic device designs.
Significant progress has been made in the past decade regarding the development of enantioselective C−H activation reactions by desymmetrization. However, the requirement for the presence of two ...chemically identical prochiral C−H bonds represents an inherent limitation in scope. Reported is the first example of kinetic resolution by a palladium(II)‐catalyzed enantioselective C−H activation and C−C bond formation, thus significantly expanding the scope of enantioselective C−H activation reactions.
Quick to react: A palladium(II)‐catalyzed enantioselective C−H olefination of racemic α‐hydroxy and α‐amino phenylacetic acids by kinetic resolution has been developed using mono‐N‐protected amino acids (MPAAs) as chiral ligands. The installation of an olefin unit can lead to a novel class of chiral mandelic acid and phenylglycine derivatives.
Ligand-Enabled Arylation of γ-C−H Bonds Li, Suhua; Zhu, Ru-Yi; Xiao, Kai-Jiong ...
Angewandte Chemie (International ed.),
March 18, 2016, Letnik:
55, Številka:
13
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
PdII‐catalyzed arylation of γ‐C(sp3)−H bonds of aliphatic acid‐derived amides was developed by using quinoline‐based ligands. Various γ‐aryl‐α‐amino acids were prepared from natural amino acids using ...this method. The influence of ligand structure on reactivity was also systematically investigated.
PdII‐catalyzed arylation of γ‐C(sp3)−H bonds of aliphatic acid‐derived amides was developed by using quinoline‐based ligands. Various γ‐aryl‐α‐amino acids were prepared from natural amino acids using this method. The influence of ligand structure on reactivity was also systematically investigated.
Our technological systems are mainly based on semiconductor photovoltaics, electronic circuits, and (electro)chemical storage reactions. However, in the energy field, “ionics” has the potential to ...complement “electronics.” The control of ion transport is a necessary condition for the existence of life, e.g., both the energy conversion into ATP and the energy consumption to regulate biological functions occurs via directed ion or proton transport. These processes can be mimicked in synthetic devices and (nano)machines and then used for energy harvesting. This review will discuss and summarize the state of the art in the field of ion-transport-based energy conversion systems including ion passive transport for salinity gradient energy conversion and ion active transport for solar energy harvesting and then venture to propose several potential strategies to construct ion transport (passive or active) systems for energy conversion and storage devices, which are useful to drive local chemical reactions or electric current generation.
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Access to sustainable clean energy is one of the key challenges faced by our modern society. Although several sources of clean energy including solar, wind, and water power have been identified and developed, to date, none of these power sources can replace fossil fuels, mainly because of the limited efficiency and high cost of generating and storing electrical power. Nature can perhaps provide a unique perspective for clean energy generation because energy conversion and storage systems in biology work via ion transport and energy storage molecules in an integrative and effective way.
The recent development of ion-transport-based energy conversion systems has attracted more and more attention. The ion passive transport for salinity gradient energy generation has realized power density of approximately 5 W m−2, which has been flagged as the target for making salinity gradient power economically viable. Meanwhile, ion active transport has enough “power” to pump ions against steep concentration gradients up to 5,000-fold and can be used for photoelectric energy conversion. Taking the long view, these ion-transport-based energy-harvesting systems should be considered as a primary method, or at least an efficient supplementary way for clean energy harvesting.
In this review, we mainly focus on ion-transport-based energy conversion. Aiming to get a deeper understanding of ion-transport-based energy conversion systems, the operating mechanisms, including ion selectivity and ion rectification, are discussed first. For the ion passive transport for harvesting salinity gradient energy, the specific features and power density of 1D/2D/3D nanofluidics are summarized. For the ion active transport for solar energy generation, three preliminary approaches and their derived concepts, including pseudo-ion pump/physical ion pump/chemical ion pump, are proposed. Finally, future ion transport energy-harvesting devices, opportunities, and challenges are speculated upon.
Energy conversion and storage systems in biology work via ion transport and energy storage molecules, which provides a unique perspective for designing ion-transport-based energy conversion systems in nanofluidics. In this review, we present an overview of the ion transport in nanofluidics and its application in energy-harvesting systems, including ion passive transport for salinity gradient energy harvesting and ion active transport for direct solar energy conversion. Some predicted, conceptually new, ion-transport-based, integrative devices are also discussed.
In recent years, solid‐state smart nanopores/nanochannels for intelligent control of the transportation of ions and molecules as organisms have been extensively studied, because they hold great ...potential applications in molecular sieves, nanofluidics, energy conversion, and biosensors. To keep up with the fast development of this field, it is necessary to summarize the construction, characterization, and application of biomimetic smart nanopores/nanochannels. These can be classified into four sections: the fabrication of solid‐state nanopores/nanochannels, the functionalization methods and materials, the mechanism explanation about the ion rectification, and the practical applications. A brief conclusion and outlook for the biomimetic nanochannels is provided, highlighting those that could be developed and integrated into devices for use in tackling current and the future problems including resources, energy, environment, and health.
The development of the biomimetic smart nanopore/nanochannels is systematically summarized in four sections: the fabrication of solid‐state nanochannels/nanopores based on the materials, the functionalization methods and materials, the mechanism explanation, and the practical application.
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor nanomaterials hold great promises for future electronics and optics. In this paper, a 2D nanosheets of ultrathin GaSe has been prepared by using mechanical cleavage ...and solvent exfoliation method. Single- and few-layer GaSe nanosheets are exfoliated on an SiO2/Si substrate and characterized by atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Ultrathin GaSe-based photodetector shows a fast response of 0.02 s, high responsivity of 2.8 AW–1 and high external quantum efficiency of 1367% at 254 nm, indicating that the two-dimensional nanostructure of GaSe is a new promising material for high performance photodetectors.
In this paper, a continuous-time insider trading model is investigated in which an insider is risk-seeking and market makers may receive partial information on the value of a risky asset. With the ...help of filtering theory and dynamic programming principle, the uniqueness and existence of linear equilibrium is established. It shows that (ⅰ) as time goes by, the residual information decreases, but both the trading intensity and the market liquidity increases, and (ⅱ) with the partial observation accuracy decreasing, both the market liquidity and the residual information will increase while the trading intensity decreases. On the whole, the risk-seeking insider is eager to trade all the trading period, and for market development, it is necessary to increase the insider's risk-preference behavior appropriately.
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