Background: Ligustilide (LIG) and n-butylphthalide (NBP) have neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia; however, their roles in gliomas are not well-known.This study aimed to explore the ...anti-glioma effects of LIG and NBP individually and the synergistic effects of temozolomide (TMZ) via the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxicity of LIG and NBP alone and in combination with TMZ in U251 cells was determined using the CCk-8. The effect of compounds alone or in combination on cell migration was detected using the wound healing assay, and the invasion was evaluated by transwell assays, respectively. Cell apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry and the changed expressions of proteins were detected by Western blotting. Results: The results showed that LIG and NBP significantly inhibited the growth of U251 cells at concentrations of 4-10 microg/mL and 1.5-6 microg/mL in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05, p<0.01). The combination of 20 microg/mL TMZ with LIG in the concentration range of 4-10 microg/mL or with NBP of 0.5-6 microg/ml achieved synergistic effect towards U251 cells. LIG and NBP, alone or in combination with TMZ, markedly inhibited cell invasion (p< 0.001) and enhanced apoptosis (p< 0.05). The combination of TMZ with LIG or NBP markedly inhibited cell migration (p< 0.001). Western blot analysis showed that LIG, NBP, and TMZ, alone and in combination, significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2, p-PI3K, and p-Akt, and increased the expression of Bax. Conclusion: Both LIG and NBP exert anti-glioma effects on their own through the PI3K/Akt pathway and enhance TMZ- mediated anti-glioma efficiency via the same pathway. Keywords: ligustilide, n-butylphthalide, glioma, synergistic effect, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway
Wireless data traffic is growing extraordinarily, with new wireless devices such as smartphones and bandwidth-demanding wireless applications such as video streaming becoming increasingly popular and ...widely adopted. Correspondingly, we have also witnessed the phenomenal wireless technology evolutions to support higher system capacities from generation to generation. Long Term Evolution has been developed as a 4G wireless technology that can support next generation multimedia applications with high capacity and high mobility needs. However, the peak data rate from 3G UMTS to 4G LTE-Advanced only increases 55 percent annually, while global mobile traffic has increased 66 times with an annual growth rate of 131 percent between 2008 and 2013. Clearly, there is a huge gap between the growth rate of the new air interface and the growth rate of customers¿ needs. A promising way to alleviate the contention between the actual traffic demands and the actual system capacity growth is to exploit more available spectrum resources. Recently, cognitive radio technology has been under extensive research and study. It aims to provide abundant new spectrum opportunities by exploiting underutilized or unutilized spectrum opportunistically. In this article, we discuss the technical solutions to expand LTE spectrum with CR technology (LTE-CR), and survey the advances in LTE-CR from both research and implementation aspects. We present detailed key technologies that enable LTE-CR in the TV white space (TVWS), and related standards and regulation progresses. To demonstrate the feasibility of deploying LTECR in TVWS, we have conducted extensive system-level simulations and also developed a LTE-CR prototype. Both simulation and laboratory testing results show that applying LTECR in TVWS can achieve satisfactory performance.
We report the results of searches for solar axions and galactic dark matter axions or axionlike particles with the CDEX-1 experiment at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory, using 335.6 kg days ...of data from a p-type point-contact germanium detector. The data are compatible with the background model, and no excess signals are observed. Limits of solar axions on the model-independent coupling gAe<2.5×10−11 from Compton, bremsstrahlung, atomic-recombination, and deexcitation channels and gANeff×gAe<6.4×10−17 from a Fe57 M1 transition at 90% confidence level are derived. Within the framework of the Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnitskiy and Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov models, our results exclude the axion mass heavier than 0.9 and 177 eV/c2, respectively. The derived constraints for dark matter axions below 1 keV improve over the previous results.
We report improved whole-genome shotgun sequences for the genomes of indica and japonica rice, both with multimegabase contiguity, or almost 1,000-fold improvement over the drafts of 2002. Tested ...against a nonredundant collection of 19,079 full-length cDNAs, 97.7% of the genes are aligned, without fragmentation, to the mapped super-scaffolds of one or the other genome. We introduce a gene identification procedure for plants that does not rely on similarity to known genes to remove erroneous predictions resulting from transposable elements. Using the available EST data to adjust for residual errors in the predictions, the estimated gene count is at least 38,000-40,000. Only 2%-3% of the genes are unique to any one subspecies, comparable to the amount of sequence that might still be missing. Despite this lack of variation in gene content, there is enormous variation in the intergenic regions. At least a quarter of the two sequences could not be aligned, and where they could be aligned, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rates varied from as little as 3.0 SNP/kb in the coding regions to 27.6 SNP/kb in the transposable elements. A more inclusive new approach for analyzing duplication history is introduced here. It reveals an ancient whole-genome duplication, a recent segmental duplication on Chromosomes 11 and 12, and massive ongoing individual gene duplications. We find 18 distinct pairs of duplicated segments that cover 65.7% of the genome; 17 of these pairs date back to a common time before the divergence of the grasses. More important, ongoing individual gene duplications provide a never-ending source of raw material for gene genesis and are major contributors to the differences between members of the grass family.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Acid rain emerged as an important environmental problem in China in the late 1970s. The current situation and what to expect in the future, based largely on the results from a five-year ...Chinese-Norwegian cooperative project, is discussed.
In this pater, a novel substrate-integrated waveguide (SIW) square cavity dual-mode filter is proposed. By using an orthogonal input and output feed-line and two tuning metal vias for disturbing two ...degenerate modes, a transmission zero is derived. A SIW dual-mode filter with the center
frequency of 14.7 GHz was fabricated and measured, in which fractional bandwidth is 3.8%. The measured results show good agreement with the simulated ones and validate the structures of the dual-mode filters.
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A simulation study of a short-pulsed proton injector for, and beam transport in, a dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) has been carried out using the particle-in-cell (PIC) code Warp. It was shown that ...applying “tilt pulse” voltage waveforms on three electrodes enables the production of a shorter bunch by the injector. The fields in the DWA beam tube were simulated using Computer Simulation Technology’s Microwave Studio (CST MWS) package, with various choices for the boundary conditions. For acceleration in the DWA, the beam transport was simulated with Warp, using applied fields obtained by running CST MWS. Our simulations showed that the electric field at the entrance to the DWA represents a challenging issue for the beam transport. We thus simulated a configuration with a mesh at the entrance of the DWA, intended to improve the entrance field. In these latter simulations, a proton bunch was successfully accelerated from 130keV to about 36MeV in a DWA with a length of 36.75cm. As the beam bunch progresses, its transverse dimensions diminish from (roughly) 0.5×0.5cm to 0.2×0.4cm. The beam pulse lengthens from 1cm to 2cm due to lack of longitudinal compression fields.
► A pulse proton injector with tilt voltages on the three electrodes was simulated. ► The fields in different part of the DWA were simulated with CST and analyzed. ► The proton beam transport in DWA was simulated with Warp successfully. ► The simulation can help for designing a real DWA.
A total of 18% of global breast cancer (BC) deaths are attributed to BC in China, making it one of the five most common cancers there. There has been a steady rise in BC morbidity and mortality in ...women in the last few years and it is now a leading cancer among Chinese women. Conventional treatments for BC are currently effective but have several limitations and disadvantages, and Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a vital role in the overall process of cancer prevention and therapy. It is known that TCM can treat a variety of conditions at a variety of sites and targets. In recent years, increasingly, research has been conducted on TCM's ability to treat BC. TCM has shown positive results in the treatment of breast cancer and the adverse effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This review describes the progress of clinical observation and mechanism research of TCM in the treatment of breast cancer in recent years. It provides some ideas and theoretical basis for the treatment of BC with TCM. Keywords: formulas, acupuncture, mechanism of action, therapy
The goal of the International HapMap Project is to determine the common patterns of DNA sequence variation in the human genome and to make this information freely available in the public domain. An ...international consortium is developing a map of these patterns across the genome by determining the genotypes of one million or more sequence variants, their frequencies and the degree of association between them, in DNA samples from populations with ancestry from parts of Africa, Asia and Europe. The HapMap will allow the discovery of sequence variants that affect common disease, will facilitate development of diagnostic tools, and will enhance our ability to choose targets for therapeutic intervention.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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