In-process measurement supports feedback control to reduce workpiece surface form error. Without it, the workpiece surface must be measured offline causing significant errors in workpiece positioning ...and reduced productivity. To offer better performance, a new in-process optical measurement method based on the use of dual coolant displacing media is proposed and studied, which uses an air and liquid phase together to resist coolant and to achieve in-process measurement. In the proposed new design, coolant is used to replace the previously used clean water to avoid coolant dilution. Compared with the previous methods, the distance between the applicator and the workpiece surface can be relaxed to 1 mm. The result is 4 times larger than before, thus permitting measurement of curved surfaces. The use of air is up to 1.5 times less than the best method previously available. For a sample workpiece with curved surfaces, the relative error of profile measurement under coolant conditions can be as small as 0.1% compared with the one under no coolant conditions. Problems in comparing measured 3D surfaces are discussed. A comparative study between a Bruker Npflex optical profiler and the developed new in-process optical profiler was conducted. For a surface area of 5.5 mm × 5.5 mm, the average measurement error under coolant conditions is only 0.693 µm. In addition, the error due to the new method is only 0.10 µm when compared between coolant and no coolant conditions. The effect of a thin liquid film on workpiece surface is discussed. The experimental results show that the new method can successfully solve the coolant dilution problem and is able to accurately measure the workpiece surface whilst fully submerged in the opaque coolant. The proposed new method is advantageous and should be very useful for in-process optical form profile measurement in precision machining.
The modification of proteins with ubiquitination is closely related to the occurrence and development of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. The tripartite motif (TRIM) family of ...proteins is one of the E3 ubiquitin ligase subfamily, which participates in various biological processes such as intracellular signal transduction, apoptosis, autophagy, and immunity by regulating the ubiquitination of target proteins. A growing body of research shows that the TRIM family of proteins plays an important role in chronic liver disease. This article systematically reviews the role and molecular mechanism of TRIM protein in the process of chronic liver disease, with the aim of exploring its potential application in the clinical diagnosis and treatment.
The involvement of non-neuronal cells and the cells of innate immunity has been attributed to the initiation and progression of ALS. TDP-43 pathology is observed in a broad spectrum of ALS cases and ...is one of the most commonly shared pathologies. The potential involvement of the neuroimmune axis in the motor cortex of ALS patients with TDP-43 pathology needs to be revealed. This information is vital for building effective treatment strategies.
We investigated the presence of astrogliosis and microgliosis in the motor cortex of ALS patients with TDP-43 pathology. prpTDP-43
-UeGFP mice, corticospinal motor neuron (CSMN) reporter line with TDP-43 pathology, are utilized to reveal the timing and extent of neuroimmune interactions and the involvement of non-neuronal cells to neurodegeneration. Electron microscopy and immunolabeling techniques are used to mark and monitor cells of interest.
We detected both activated astrocytes and microglia, especially rod-like microglia, in the motor cortex of patients and TDP-43 mouse model. Besides, CCR2+ TMEM119- infiltrating monocytes were detected as they penetrate the brain parenchyma. Interestingly, Betz cells, which normally do not express MCP1, were marked with high levels of MCP1 expression when diseased.
There is an early contribution of a neuroinflammatory response for upper motor neuron (UMN) degeneration with respect to TDP-43 pathology, and MCP1-CCR2 signaling is important for the recognition of diseased upper motor neurons by infiltrating monocytes. The findings are conserved among species and are observed in both ALS and ALS-FTLD patients.
We investigated whether concurrent infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in China, a hyperepidemic area for these infections, was associated with a higher risk of causing ...hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than each infection alone in a meta-analysis in China, 32 case-control studies involving 3201 cases and 4005 controls, identified from a computer-based literature search from 1966 to 2004. The pooled odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) for HBsAg positivity was 14.1 (95% CI: 10.6-18.8); for anti-HCV/HCV RNA positivity was 4.6 (95% CI: 3.6-5.9); for HBsAg positivity and anti-HCV/HCV RNA negativity were 15.6 (95% CI: 11.5-21.3); for HBsAg negativity and anti-HCV/HCV RNA positivity were 8.1 (95% CI: 5.0-13.0); and positivity for both HBsAg and anti-HCV/HCV RNA was 35.7 (95% CI: 26.2-48.5). We conclude that HBV and HCV infections are important independent risk factors for HCC in China, and that dual infection by HBV and HCV is associated with a higher risk of causing HCC than each infection alone, suggesting a synergism between HBV and HCV.
ABSTRACT
Because the disc–jet coupling likely depends on various properties of sources probed, the sample control is always an important but challenging task. In this work, we re-analysed the ...INTEGRAL hard X-ray-selected sample of Seyfert galaxies. We only consider sources that have measurements in black hole (BH) mass, and luminosities in radio and X-rays. Our final sample includes 64 (out of the original 79) sources, consists of both bright active galactic nucleus and low-luminosity ones. The 2–10 keV X-ray Eddington ratio LX/LEdd locates in the range between ∼10−4.5 and ∼10−0.5. We first find that, because of the similarity in the LHX/LX distribution, the X-ray origin of radio-loud Seyferts may be the same to that of radio-quiet (RQ) ones, where we attribute to the hot accretion flow (or similarly, the corona). We then investigate the connections between luminosities in radio and X-rays. Since our sample suffers a selection bias of a BH mass MBH dependence on LX/LEdd, we focus on the correlation slope ξX between the radio (at 1.4 GHz) and X-ray luminosities in Eddington unit, i.e. $({L_{\rm R}}/{L_{\rm Edd}}) \propto ({L_{\rm X}}/{L_{\rm Edd}})^{\xi _{\rm X}}$. We classify the sources according to various properties, i.e. 1) Seyfert classification, 2) radio loudness, and 3) radio morphology. We find that, despite these differences in classification, all the sources in our sample are consistent with a universal correlation slope ξX (note that the normalization may be different), with ξX = 0.77 ± 0.10. This is unexpected, considering various possible radio emitters in RQ systems. For the jet (either relativistic and well collimated, or sub-relativistic and weakly collimated) interpretation, our result may suggest a common/universal but to be identified jet launching mechanism among all the Seyfert galaxies, while properties like BH spin and magnetic field strength only play secondary roles. We further estimate the jet production efficiency ηjet of Seyfert galaxies, which is $\eta _{\rm jet}\approx 1.9^{+0.9}_{-1.5}\times 10^{-4}$ on average. We also find that ηjet increases as the system goes fainter. Alternative scenarios for the radio emission in RQ systems are also discussed.
Summary
Ethnic differences in pain experiences have been widely assessed in various pathological and experimental conditions. However, limited sensory modalities have been described in previous ...research, and the affective‐motivational factors have so far been estimated to be the main mediator for the ethnic differences. This study aimed to detect the ethnic differences of oro‐facial somatosensory profiles related to the sensory‐discriminative dimension in healthy volunteers. The standardised quantitative sensory testing battery developed by the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain was performed bilaterally in the infraorbital and mental regions on age‐ and gender‐matched healthy Chinese and Danes, 29 participants each group. The influences of ethnicity, gender and test site on the somatosensory profile were evaluated by three‐way anova. The ethnic disparities were also presented by Z‐scores. Compared to Danes, Chinese were more sensitive to thermal detection, thermal pain, mechanical deep pain and mechanical pain rating parameters (P < 0·002) related to small fibre functions. However, the inverse results were observed for mechanical tactile modality related to large fibre function (P < 0·001) and wind‐up ratio (P = 0·006). Women presented higher sensitivity compared to men. The mean Z‐scores of all the parameters from Chinese group were in the normal zone created by Danish Caucasians’ means and SDs. The ethnic disparities in somatosensory profile illustrated the necessity of establishing the reference data for different ethnic groups and possibly individual pain management strategies for the different ethnic groups.
Two commercial forward osmosis (FO) membranes (HTI-ES and HTI-NW) were employed to study the rejection performance of 24 pharmaceuticals (PhACs) using NaCl as the draw solute. The PhAC permeability ...coefficient (B value) was determined for each PhAC by using both the reverse osmosis (RO) mode method and the diffusion cell method. The B values were used to predict the rejection ratios in the FO mode. The rejection ratio increased with the increase of draw solute (NaCl) concentration for each PhAC. Under a NaCl concentration of 1mol/L, all PhACs were highly rejected by >90%, except for a few including nalidixic acid, gemfibrozil, carbamazepine and sulfamethoxazole, which were rejected by 80–90% when HTI-ES membrane was used. The HTI-NW membrane could reject PhACs better than the HTI-ES membrane; however, the PhACs followed almost an identical sequence in terms of the rejection ratios. Results showed that the B values for several charged PhACs of relatively low molecular weight obtained by the diffusion cell method could be substantially larger than that determined by the RO mode method. In comparison with the experimental data, the B values obtained by the diffusion cell method were more appropriate to be used to predict the rejection ratios of the PhACs by the solution–diffusion model during FO operation. The underestimation of the B values by using the RO mode method might be primarily due to the ion exchange mechanism caused by reverse draw solute permeation during FO operation. Compared with the hydrophobicity and the charge properties, the molecular weight of PhAC was a more important factor in determining its B value. Very low B value is expected if the molecular weight is higher than 300Da. Exceptions, however, were found including clofibric acid, gemfibrozil and sulfadiazine. The solute-membrane affinity should also be taken into consideration when trying to link the B values with physicochemical properties of the PhACs.
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•Rejection ratios for 24 pharmaceuticals by two FO membranes were ranked.•The solution–diffusion model could predict the rejection ratio well.•The permeability coefficient obtained by the diffusion cell method was more appropriate for model prediction.•Permeability coefficient is primarily determined by molecular weight.
An atomic-scale quantum conductance switch is demonstrated that allows us to open and close an electrical circuit by the controlled and reproducible reconfiguration of silver atoms within an ...atomic-scale junction. The only movable parts of the switch are the contacting atoms. The switch is entirely controlled by an external electrochemical voltage applied to an independent third gate electrode. Controlled switching was performed between a quantized, electrically conducting "on state" exhibiting a conductance of G(0)=2e(2)/h ( approximately 1/12.9 kOmega) or preselectable multiples of this value and an insulating "off state."
One of the main functions of the piwi‐interacting RNA pathway is the post‐transcriptional silencing of transposable elements in the germline of many species. In insects, proteins belonging to the ...Tudor superfamily proteins belonging to the Tudor superfamily play an important role in to play an important role in this mechanism. In this study, we identified the tudor gene in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, investigated the spatiotemporal expressional profile of the gene, and performed a functional analysis using RNA interference. We identified one transcript for a tudor homologue in the B. dorsalis transcriptome, which encodes a protein containing the typical 10 Tudor domains and an Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase delta subunit signature. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identity of this transcript as a tudor homologue in this species. The expression profile indicated a much higher expression in the adult and pupal stages compared to the larval stages (up to a 60‐fold increase), and that the gene was mostly expressed in the ovaries, Malpighian tubules and fat body. Finally, gene knockdown of tudor in B. dorsalis led to clearly underdeveloped ovaries in the female adult and reductions in copulation rate and amount of oviposition, indicating its important role in reproduction. The results of this study shed more light on the role of tudor in ovary development and reproduction.
Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a rare, poorly differentiated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that contains sarcomatoid components or sarcomatoid differentiation, and accounts for less ...than 1% of all lung tumors. Compared to other types of NSCLC, PSC has more invasive biological behavior, is prone to metastasis, and has a higher recurrence rate after early surgery. Its greater resistance to traditional treatments leads to a poorer prognosis compared to other NSCLCs. Immunotherapy offers the possibility of long-term survival for PSC patients.
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