Lung cancer is the most common cancer in China. Previous studies have indicated that lung cancer incidence exhibits remarkable spatial heterogeneity, and lung cancer is related to outdoor air ...pollution. However, the non-linear spatial association between outdoor air pollution and lung cancer incidence in China remains unclear.
In this study, the relationships between the lung cancer incidence of males and females from 207 counties in China in 2013 with annual concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO
, NO
, CO and O
were analysed. GeoDetector q statistic was used for examining the non-linear spatial association between outdoor air pollution and incidence of lung cancer.
An apparent spatial and population gender heterogeneity was found in the spatial association between outdoor air pollution and lung cancer incidence. Among the six selected pollutants, SO
has the greatest influence on lung cancer (q = 0.154 in females) in north China. In the south, each selected pollutant has a significant impact on males or females, and the mean q value in the south is 0.181, which is bigger than that in the north (q = 0.154). In addition, the pollutants have evident non-linear interaction effects on lung cancer. In north China, the interaction between SO
and PM2.5 is the dominant interaction, with q values of 0.207 in males and 0.334 in females. In the south, the dominant interactive factors are between SO
and O
in males and between SO
and CO in females, with q values of 0.45, 0.232 respectively. Smoking is a substantial contributor to lung cancer among men, either in South or North China, with q value of 0.143 and 0.129 respectively, and the interaction between smoking and air pollutants increases this risk.
This study implies that the influence of SO
and PM2.5 on lung cancer should be focused on in north China, and in the south, the impact of O
and CO as well as their interaction with SO
need to be paid more attention. Smoking, particularly in men, remains a significant risk factor for lung cancer in both North and South China.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Fermi-arc surface states are the hallmark of Weyl semimetals, whose identification is usually challenged by their coexistence with gapless bulk states. Surface transport measurements by fabricating ...setups on the sample boundary provide a natural solution to this problem. Here, we study the Andreev reflection (AR) in a planar normal metal-superconductor junction on the Weyl semimetal surface with a pair of Fermi arcs. For a conserved transverse momentum, the occurrence of normal reflection depends on the relative orientation between the Fermi arcs and the normal of the junction, which is a direct result of the disconnected Fermi arcs. Consequently, a crossover from the suppressed to perfect AR occurs with varying the orientation of the planar junction, giving rise to a change from double-peak to plateau structure in conductance spectra. Moreover, such a crossover can be facilitated by imposing a magnetic field, making electrons slide along the Fermi arcs so as to switch between two regimes of the AR. Our results provide a decisive signature for the detection of Fermi arcs and open the possibilities of exploring novel phenomenology through their interplay with superconductivity.
The possibility of performing fast and small-volume nucleic acid amplification and analysis on a single chip has attracted great interest. Devices based on this idea, referred to as micro total ...analysis, microfluidic analysis, or simply 'Lab on a chip' systems, have witnessed steady advances over the last several years. Here, we summarize recent research on chip substrates, surface treatments, PCR reaction volume and speed, architecture, approaches to eliminating cross-contamination and control and measurement of temperature and liquid flow. We also discuss product-detection methods, integration of functional components, biological samples used in PCR chips, potential applications and other practical issues related to implementation of lab-on-a-chip technologies.
Weyl semimetals (WSMs) host charged Weyl fermions as emergent quasiparticles. We develop a unified analytical theory for the anomalous positive longitudinal magnetoconductivity (LMC) in a WSM, which ...bridges the gap between the classical and ultraquantum approaches. More interestingly, the LMC is found to exhibit periodic-in-1/B quantum oscillations, originating from the oscillations of the nonequilibrium chiral chemical potential. The quantum oscillations, superposed on the positive LMC, are a remarkable fingerprint of a WSM phase with a chiral anomaly, whose observation is a valid criteria for identifying a WSM material. In fact, such quantum oscillations were already observed by several experiments.
Excitonic insulators are insulating states formed by the coherent condensation of electron and hole pairs into BCS-like states. Isotropic spatial wave functions are commonly considered for excitonic ...condensates since the attractive interaction among the electrons and the holes in semiconductors usually leads to s-wave excitons. Here, we propose a new type of excitonic insulator that exhibits order parameter with p + ip symmetry and is characterized by a chiral Chern number C
= 1/2. This state displays the parity anomaly, which results in two novel topological properties: fractionalized excitations with e/2 charge at defects and a spontaneous in-plane magnetization. The topological insulator surface state is a promising platform to realize the topological excitonic insulator. With the spin-momentum locking, the interband optical pumping can renormalize the surface electrons and drive the system towards the proposed p + ip instability.
Objective: To investigate the anti-obesity effects of the pomegranate leaf extract (PLE) in a mouse model of high-fat diet induced obesity and hyperlipidemia. Design: For the anti-obesity experiment, ...male and female ICR mice were fed with a high-fat diet to induce obesity. When the weight of the high-fat diet group was 20% higher than the normal diet group, the animals were treated with 400 or 800 mg/kg/day of PLE for 5 weeks. Body weight and daily food intake were measured regularly during the experimental period. The various adipose pads were weighed and serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), glucose and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured after 5 weeks, treatment with PLE. In the fat absorption experiment, both the normal and obese mice were given 0.5 ml lipid emulsion and PLE at a dose of 800 mg/kg at the same time. Serial serum TG levels were measured at times 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 h after the treatment. TGs in fecal excretions were measured after the mice were orally given a lipid emulsion. Effects of PLE and its isolated compounds (ellagic acid and tannic acid) on pancreatic lipase activity were examined in vitro. Results: The PLE-treated groups showed a significant decrease in body weight, energy intake and various adipose pad weight percents and serum, TC, TG, glucose levels and TC/HDL-C ratio after 5 weeks treatment. Furthermore, PLE significantly attenuated the raising of the serum TG level and inhibited the intestinal fat absorption in mice given a fat emulsion orally. PLE showed a significant difference in decreasing the appetite of obese mice fed a high-fat diet, but showed no effect in mice fed a normal diet. Conclusion: PLE can inhibit the development of obesity and hyperlipidemia in high-fat diet induced obese mice. The effects appear to be partly mediated by inhibiting the pancreatic lipase activity and suppressing energy intake. PLE may be a novel appetite suppressant that only affects obesity owing to a high-fat diet.
Diabetic retinal disease remains a leading cause of vision loss despite currently available screening methods, ocular treatments, and efforts to control metabolic dysfunction. It is now understood ...that diabetes damages the entire retina and the cellular components of the neurovascular unit. Multiple studies have demonstrated impairment of various aspects of retinal function across the spectrum of retinopathy severity. Here we review these tests, the principles underlying their use, clinical data from multiple publications, the strengths and limitations of the studies, and prospects for their application to understand the pathophysiology of diabetic retinal disease and monitor its response to therapy. We focus on visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, visual field, and dark adaptation and their use to understand the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy and as potential endpoints for clinical trials.
Abstract
Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift, an interference phenomenon describing the lateral shift of the reflected beam along the interface during total internal reflection, has attracted great interests in ...the field of quantum transport in two-dimensional materials. In particular, the GH effect generates a novel pseudospin-dependent scattering effect in graphene, which in turn results in an
8
e
2
/
h
conductance step in the bipolar junctions. Here, we reveal that a barrier region with effective barrier strength
χ
can greatly enrich the GH effect in graphene junctions. In contrast to the conventional case where the negative shift is allowed only in the
p
-
n
junction, the thin barrier enables both negative and positive spatial shifts in
p
I
n
and
n
I
n
junctions, where I represents the barrier region. More interestingly, the lowest channel degeneracy can be efficiently varied by tuning
χ
in both the symmetric
p
I
n
I
p
and the asymmetric
pn
I
p
junctions, leading to a highly controllable switch that switches the conductance between
8
e
2
/
h
and
4
e
2
/
h
. These results advance the knowledge of GH effects in electronic materials and suggest experimental avenues for its observation and manipulation.
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