Neutrophils have always been considered as uncomplicated front-line troopers of the innate immune system equipped with limited proinflammatory duties. Yet recently, the role of the neutrophil has ...been undergoing a rejuvenation of sorts. Neutrophils are now considered complex cells capable of a significant array of specialized functions, and as an effector of the innate immune response, they are able to regulate many processes such as acute injury and repair, cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammatory processes. Furthermore, evidence exists to indicate that neutrophils also contribute to adaptive immunity by aiding the development of specific adaptive immune responses or guiding the subsequent adaptive immune response. With this revived interest in neutrophils and their many novel functions, it is prudent to review what is currently known about neutrophils and, even more importantly, understand what information is lacking. We discuss the essential features of the neutrophil, from its origins, lifespan, subsets, margination and sequestration of the neutrophil to the death of the neutrophil. We highlight neutrophil recruitment to both infected and injured tissues and outline differences in recruitment of neutrophils between different tissues. Finally, we examine how neutrophils use different mechanisms to either bolster protective immune responses or negatively cause pathological outcomes at different locations.
In this study, an effective photocatalytic disinfection system was established using the newly emerged high power UVA/LED lamp. Crystallizing dish coated with TiO2 was prepared by 32-times ...impregnation-drying processes, and served as the supporting container for water samples. This study focused on the application of this UVA/LED system for the photocatalytic disinfection of selected antibiotic-resistant bacteria, Escherichia coli ATCC 700891. The disinfection performances were studied under various light intensities and illumination modes. Results show that higher light intensity could reach more significant inactivation of E. coli ATCC 700891. With the same UV dose, log-removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria decreased with circle time in the studied range, while increased with duty circle. A “residual disinfecting effect” was found in the following dark period for bacteria collected at different phases of photocatalytic process. Residual disinfecting effect was found not significant for bacteria with 30 min periodic illumination. While residual disinfecting effect could kill almost all bacteria after 90 min UV periodic illumination within the following 240 min dark period.
•The first application of UVA/LED lamp for bacteria inactivation/reactivation study.•Periodic illumination could affect the disinfection process.•A “residual disinfection effect” was found in the disinfection process.•No photoreactivation/dark-repair was found after the UV illumination.
Variations of needed time for full solidification with impose of fins and various sizes of nanoparticles is main goal of current article. Not only the needed time values but also, contours and solid ...front configurations were depicted in outputs which were obtained from (Finite element method) FEM modeling. Diameter of particles has various impact of thermal features and finding the best design needs considering various values of dp. Time increases about 16.09% with augment of dp from 30 to 50 nm. So, it is not recommended to rise dp upper than 40 nm. Selecting dp = 40 nm instead of 30 nm results in 16.91% augmentation in solidification rate. To reduce the time of discharging to 614.8 s, the case with greatest length and dp = 40 nm should be selected. There was about 5.86% reduction in discharging time with augment of L. The minimum temperature of storage unit was obtained for dp = 40 nm and same behavior is examined for values of energy.
There are several industrial applications, particularly lid-driven walls, for mixed convection heat transfer characteristics across various cavities. In order to increase the effectiveness of ...cooling, electrical, electronic and nuclear devices and to monitor the fluid flow and heat exchange of solar thermal installations and thermal storage, such a problem requires further investigation. The main goal of this profound study is to examine the convective heat transfer nature of thermal convection on Newtonian MHD fluid in a lid-driven triangular cavity subjected to heating by a thick triangular wall, including the effects of varying Richardson number, Reynolds number, Hartmann number, and cold circular obstacle. Graphical illustration shows that the upper wall having temperature Th is moving from left to right, whereas inclined sidewalls are adiabatic. Further, a cold circular obstacle containing temperature T∗∗ is placed near the left and right wall of the triangular cavity with T∗∗ < Th. The governing flow equations are tackled by the Galerkin Finite Element Method (GFEM) to prepare the desired results. Velocity contours, isotherms and heat transfer rates demonstrate flow kinematics and heat transport processes. The high estimate of the Reynolds number has been found to provide a decent rate of convective heat transfer to a good liquid progression. For a higher number of Grashof, which achieves the maximum convection intensity, it is checked that natural convection dominates within the convection system. The Richardson number is a rising function of the Nusselt number, while the opposite trend is observed due to the rise in the Hartmann number.
After traumatic injury, some cells function as detectors to sense injury and to modulate the local immune response toward a restitution phase by affecting the local cytokine milieu. Using intravital ...microscopy, we observed that patrolling invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells were initially excluded from a site of hepatic injury but subsequently were strategically arrested first via self-antigens and then by cytokines, circumscribing the injured site at exactly the location where monocytes co-localized and hepatocytes proliferated. Activation of iNKT cells by self-antigens resulted in the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4) but not interferon-γ (IFN-γ). This promoted increased hepatocyte proliferation, monocyte transition (from Ly6Chi to Ly6Clo), and improved healing where IL-4 from iNKT cells was critical for these processes. Disruption of any of these mechanisms led to delayed wound healing. We have shown that self-antigen-driven iNKT cells function as sensors and orchestrators of the transformation from inflammation to tissue restitution for essential timely wound repair.
•Repulsion, retention, infiltration: three phases of iNKT cell response to sterile injury•Self-antigen presentation and cytokines activate iNKT cells to produce Th2 cytokines•Activation signals were presented by Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells•iNKT cells are essential to regulate healthy tissue repair and resolution of inflammation
iNKT cells are important innate regulatory cells that modulate health and disease. In focal sterile injury in the liver, Liew et al. demonstrate that iNKT cells function as detectors and orchestrators of immunity and tissue repair by coordinating the transition from inflammation to resolution and thus leading to healthy wound repair.
A 12‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin C on growth performance, antioxidant status and innate immune responses in juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus ...fulvidraco. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets (44% crude protein and 7% lipid) were formulated to contain six graded dietary vitamin C (ascorbate‐2‐poly‐ phosphate, ROVIMIX® STAY‐C® 35) levels ranging from 1.9 to 316.0 mg kg−1 diet. The results of present study indicated that fish fed the lowest vitamin C diet had lower weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) than those fed the diets supplemented vitamin C. WG and SGR did significantly increase with dietary vitamin C levels increasing from 1.9 to 156.5 mg kg−1. However, no significant increase was observed with further dietary vitamin C levels increasing from 156.5 to 316 mg kg−1. Survival, protein efficiency ratio and feed efficiency were not significantly affected by the dietary vitamin C levels. The activities of serum superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase significantly increased when dietary vitamin C levels increased from 1.9 to 156.5 mg kg−1, fish fed the lowest vitamin C diet had higher serum malondialdehyde content than those fed the diets supplemented with vitamin C. Fish fed the diet containing 156.5 mg kg−1 vitamin C had the highest lysozyme, total complement activity, phagocytosis index and respiratory burst of head kidney among all treatments. The challenge test with Aeromonas hydrophila indicated that lower cumulative survival was observed in fish fed the lowest vitamin C diet. Analysis by broken‐line regression of SGR and lysozyme activity indicated that the dietary vitamin C requirement of juvenile yellow catfish was estimated to be 114.5 and 102.5 mg kg−1 diet, respectively.
Numerical simulation of hybrid nanomaterial free convection with helps of CVFEM was performed. Dispersing nanomaterial can minimize the exergy loss. The modeling outputs were depicted in terms of 3D ...plots and contours. Because of reduction of irreversibility with inclusion of nanoparticles, hybrid nanofluid was employed. Increasing Ha results in greater Xd and it is more sensible when convection become stronger. The growth of permeability increases nanomaterial motion and reduces the exergy drop.
•Heat transfer and exergy loss of nanomaterial has been examined.•CVFEM is applied to simulate current permeable geometry.•Exergy drop reduces with decline of Lorentz forces.•Augmenting Da and Ra make Bejan number to reduce.
► We examined UVA/LED as light source for degradation of acetaminophen with P25 as catalyst. ► The reaction rate increased with increasing of P25 dosage and light intensity. ► The reaction rates ...decreased with increasing of initial acetaminophen concentration. ► The kinetic reaction rate follows this equation: rs=-2.4168×I0.5732×Ace1+0.1523×Ace0.
Photocatalytic process that uses traditional low pressure mercury lamp and TiO2 as catalyst has attracted numerous attentions recently for the degradation of organic pollutants in water environment. However, there are several important drawbacks to this mercury lamp such as high energy cost and the production of toxic mercury waste. Compared to traditional mercury lamp, the newly emerging UVA/LED is more efficient in converting electricity into light. It has longer lifetime and no toxic waste generation problem exists. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to study the ability of high power ultraviolet A light-emitting diode (UVA/LED) as a light source in the degradation of organic pollutants. The optimal operational conditions were also determined. In this study, a new device equipped with high-energy 365nm UVA/LED using TiO2-P25 as the catalyst was developed and evaluated for photolytic/photocatalytic oxidation of acetaminophen (Ace). The results showed that the chosen UVA/LED alone degraded negligible amount of Ace, while in the presence of TiO2, the concentration of Ace decreased substantially. In most experiments of this study, Ace could be degraded to non-detectable level within 20min. The degradation rate was found to be related to the dosage of TiO2, initial Ace concentration and light intensity. Based on the experimental data, the following kinetic equation was achieved by kinetic modeling: rs=-2.4168×I0.5732×Ace1+0.1523×Ace0, which was also in agreement with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) law.
(dried root of
(Royle) Johnst.) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat macular eruptions, measles, sore throat, carbuncles, burns, skin ulcers, and inflammation. Previous ...studies have shown that shikonins and shikonofurans are two of their main bioactive ingredients. However, systematic investigations of their constituents have rarely been conducted. It is necessary to establish a rapid and effective method to identify the chemical constituents of
. This will help to further improve the effective resource utilization rate of this plant. In this study, a rapid and effective UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry method was established to simultaneously analyze chemical ingredients in
within a short period of time. Based on the results of a full scan MS, the MS
database (mzVault and mzCloud), the diagnostic fragment ions, the retention time, and the bibliography, a total of 188 compounds were identified, with 114 of those being reported from
for the first time. The results of this study lay the foundation for obtaining a thorough understanding of the active ingredients in
and its quality control. This method may be widely used for the chemical characterization of different samples.
Nanofluids have exposed a significant promise in the thermal development of several industrial systems, and at the same time, the flow via needle has major applications in modern construction systems ...including microstructure electric gadgets and microscale cooling gadgets for thermal migration applications. According to these applications, the current investigation concentrates to deliberate on 2D steady, laminar and incompressible flow of magneto-Cross nanofluid towards the region of moving thin needle in the occurrence of Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium, Ohmic and viscous dissipation with chemical reaction and mixed convection. The new dimensionless similarity variables are introduced to convert the nonlinear expressions governing the flow and transfer of heat. The change in velocity, thermal and concentration profiles for various non-dimensional parameters is deliberated briefly and illustrated with the help of suitable plots. Further, analysis of skin friction and rate of heat transfer is done through graphs. The results obtained are validated by existing works and are found to have a good agreement. The result outcome reveals that advanced values of magnetic parameter and Weissenberg number slowdown the fluid velocity motion. Also, upshot in Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters improves the thermal profile.
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