The safety issue of lithium‐ion batteries is a crucial factor limiting their large‐scale application. Therefore, it is of practical significance to evaluate the impact of their overcharge behavior ...because of the severe levels of oxygen release of cathode materials during this process. Herein, by combining a variety of in situ techniques of spectroscopy and electron microscopy, this work studies the structural degradation of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) accompanying the oxygen release in the overcharge process. It is observed that a small amount of O2 evolves from the initial surface at ≈4.7 V. When charging to a higher voltage (≈5.5 V), a large amount of O2 evolves on the newly formed surface due to the occurrence of microcracks. Based on experimental results and theoretical calculations, it is determined that the oxygen release mainly occurs in the near‐surface regions, where the remaining oxygen vacancies accumulate to create voids. To suppress the oxygen release, single‐crystalline NCM811 with integrated structure is introduced and serves as a cathode, which can effectively inhibit morphology destruction and reduce the activation of lattice oxygen in the surface region. These findings provide a theoretical basis and effective strategy for improving the safety performance of Ni‐rich cathode materials in practical applications.
Safety issues hinder the commercialization of Ni‐rich cathode materials. Oxygen release occurs from different regions during the overcharge process as shown by several in situ spectroscopy techniques and electron microscopy. O2 appears first in the near‐surface region of secondary particles, then on the fresh surface between primary particles due to the occurrence of microcracks. Single‐crystalline NCM811 with integrated structure could reduce this phenomenon.
The electrolyte additive plays an important role in determining the crucial properties of batteries such as cycling stability and safety. Compared to material development, research on electrolyte and ...interphase is still in the early stage for sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Herein, for the first time, succinic anhydride (SA) is investigated as a synergistic filming additive to fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and the lifespan of the dual‐additive Na/Na0.6Li0.15Ni0.15Mn0.55Cu0.15O2 (NLNMC) cell is significantly improved, maintaining capacity retention of 87.2% over 400 cycles at 1 C rate. For comparison, the batteries with only one of the two additives or without any additive show much inferior electrochemical performance. After the addition of SA, the interphase layer on the surface of cycled NLNMC material becomes uniform and stable, which contains more oxygen‐rich organic species and less NaF. Additionally, the addition of SA also has an impact on the interphase layer in the sodium anode part as indicated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results. Moreover, the online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS) tests show the dual‐additive cell has less CO2 generation during the initial two cycles compared to that with only FECs which demonstrates another advantage of SA for practical application.
For the first time, succinic anhydride (SA) is applied as a synergistic electrolyte additive for fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in sodium ion batteries. The coexistence of SA and FEC regulates the interphase layer both on the cathode and anode. Optimized electrochemical performance of Na/Na0.6Li0.15Ni0.15Mn0.55Cu0.15O2 (NLNMC) is achieved in the dual‐additive cell with 87.2% of capacity retention after 400 cycles at a 1 C rate.
Gasdermin E (GSDME) has an important role in inducing secondary necrosis/pyroptosis. Upon apoptotic stimulation, it can be cleaved by activated caspase-3 to generate its N-terminal fragment ...(GSDME-NT), which executes pyroptosis by perforating the plasma membrane. GSDME is expressed in many human lung cancers including A549 cells. Paclitaxel and cisplatin are two representative chemotherapeutic agents for lung cancers, which induce apoptosis via different action mechanisms. However, it remains unclear whether they can induce GSDME-mediated secondary necrosis/pyroptosis in lung A549 cancer cells. Here we showed that both paclitaxel and cisplatin evidently induced apoptosis in A549 cells as revealed by the activation of multiple apoptotic markers. Notably, some of the dying cells displayed characteristic morphology of secondary necrosis/pyroptosis, by blowing large bubbles from the cellular membrane accompanied by caspase-3 activation and GSDME-NT generation. But the ability of cisplatin to induce this phenomenon was much stronger than that of paclitaxel. Consistent with this, cisplatin triggered much higher activation of caspase-3 and generation of GSDME-NT than paclitaxel, suggesting that the levels of secondary necrosis/pyroptosis correlated with the levels of active caspase-3 and GSDME-NT. Supporting this, caspase-3 specific inhibitor (Ac-DEVD-CHO) suppressed cisplatin-induced GSDME-NT generation and concurrently reduced the secondary necrosis/pyroptosis. Besides, GSDME knockdown significantly inhibited cisplatin- but not paclitaxel-induced secondary necrosis/pyroptosis. These results indicated that cisplatin induced higher levels of secondary necrosis/pyroptosis in A549 cells than paclitaxel, suggesting that cisplatin may provide additional advantages in the treatment of lung cancers with high levels of GSDME expression.
High-carbohydrate diets (HCD) can induce the occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by dramatic accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets (LDs). However, the potential ...molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy in the process of HCD-induced changes of hepatic lipid metabolism, and to examine the process of underlying mechanisms during these molecular contexts. We found that HCD significantly increased hepatic lipid accumulation and activated autophagy. Using primary hepatocytes, we found that HG increased lipid accumulation and stimulated the release of NEFA by autophagy-mediated lipophagy, and that lipophagy significantly alleviated high glucose (HG)-induced lipid accumulation. Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways played crucial regulatory roles in HG-induced lipophagy activation and HG-induced changes of lipid metabolism. Further investigation found that HG-activated lipophagy and HG-induced changes of lipid metabolism were via enhancing carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) DNA binding capacity at PPARγ promoter region, which in turn induced transcriptional activation of the key genes related to lipogenesis and autophagy. The present study, for the first time, revealed the novel mechanism for lipophagy mediating HCD-induced changes of lipid metabolism by oxidative stress and ER stress, and ChREBP/PPARγ pathways. Our study provided innovative evidence for the direct relationship between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism via ChREBP/PPARγ pathway.
The realization of optical non-reciprocity is crucial for many applications, and also of fundamental importance for manipulating and protecting the photons with desired time-reversal symmetry. ...Recently, various new mechanisms of magnetic-free non-reciprocity have been proposed and implemented, avoiding the limitation of the strong magnetic field imposed by the Faraday effect. However, due to the difficulties in separating the signal photons from the drive laser and the noise photons induced by the drive laser, these devices exhibit limited isolation performances and their quantum noise properties are rarely studied. Here, we demonstrate an approach of magnetic-free non-reciprocity by optically-induced magnetization in an atom ensemble. Excellent isolation (highest isolation ratio is Formula: see text) is observed over a power dynamic range of 7 orders of magnitude, with the noiseless property verified by quantum statistics measurements. The approach is applicable to other atoms and atom-like emitters, paving the way for future studies of integrated photonic non-reciprocal devices.
•A novel mechanism of addressing non-cooperative behaviors is presented.•A confidence consensus-based model for large-scale group decision making is built.•We conclude the advantages and ...disadvantages of different consensus measures.•Analysis of the impact of thresholds on consensus reaching processes is presented.•Detailed comparative analysis is presented to further explain the proposed model.
Because of the complexity of real-world problems, large-scale group decision making has become a research topic of great interest in the field of decision science. Differences of opinion in a large group are highly likely. Sometimes, decision makers are unwilling to adjust their opinions to promote consensus. It is hence necessary to establish a consensus model for the effective management of opinion differences and non-cooperative behaviors. More importantly, the credibility of the adjustment information must be ensured. In this paper, we present a confidence consensus-based model for large-scale group decision making that provides a novel approach to addressing non-cooperative behaviors. First, some new concepts are proposed, including the collective adjustment suggestion and rationality degree. Then, we combine the rationality and non-cooperation of the adjustment information to construct the concept of a confidence level. This confidence level measures the impartiality and objectivity of the adjustment information and is the basis for managing non-cooperative behaviors. We then establish a mechanism for addressing non-cooperative behaviors. Finally, we present a case study that illustrates that the proposed model is feasible and effective. A comparative analysis reveals the features and advantages of this model for managing large-scale group decision making.
As the main organic pollutants in wastewater, antibiotics and organic dyes are harmful to the environment and public health, and their removal is important but challenging. In this work, highly ...porous 3D metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) M2(PDAD)(H2O)n (PCN‐124‐stu; M=Cu, Zn; H4PDAD = 5,5′‐(pyridine‐3,5‐dicarbonyl)bis(azanediyl)diisophthalic acid) were synthesized, and PCN‐124‐stu(Cu) shows excellent chemical and thermal stability. PCN‐124‐stu(Cu) was used as a host for efficient extraction of various organic dyes, especially the large‐molecule dye Coomassie brilliant blue, and fluoroquinolones from water, in comparison with five common MOFs, zeolite 13X, and activated carbon. PCN‐124‐stu(Cu) exhibits absolute predominance for fluoroquinolone adsorption among these microporous materials because of the H‐bonds between fluoroquinolone molecules and the amide groups in the frameworks, except for MIL‐100(Cr), which is a mesoporous MOF. Moreover, PCN‐124‐stu(Cu) could release fluoroquinolones slowly in physiological saline and retained its framework structure after four adsorption/desorption cycles. In addition, PCN‐124‐stu(Cu) can be used as a platform for selective adsorption of CO2/CH4.
Waterproof MOF: An exceptionally water stable metal–organic framework (MOF) with amide‐functionalized cages (see figure), namely, PCN‐124‐stu(Cu), was synthesized, and its porous structure exhibits selective adsorption CO2/CH4. Furthermore, PCN‐124‐stu(Cu) can serve as a platform for removal of antibiotic and dye pollutants from water.
Observations from the Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐Resolution Thermospheric Imaging onboard the Ionospheric Connection Explorer spacecraft are used to study the response of OI630.0 and ...OI557.7 nm dayglow to a moderate geomagnetic storm on 27 August 2021. The storm reaches a minimum Dst index of −82 nT, significantly impacting the dayglow within the latitudinal range of approximately 20°N–42°N, where the dayglow observations are of good quality. During the geomagnetic storm, the OI630.0 dayglow intensity slightly increases, while the peak volume emission rate (VER) decreases, and the peak height rises noticeably. The F‐layer intensity, peak VER, and the entire‐layer intensity of OI557.7 dayglow decrease significantly. The rise in peak height is not noticeable for the OI557.7 dayglow. The VERs of the both dayglow emissions respond differently to the geomagnetic storm at different altitudes. The OI630.0 dayglow layer as a whole extends upward and rises in altitude. For dayglow averaged above 35°N, the OI630.0 dayglow VER increases above approximately 225 km but decreases below this altitude. The largest increase occurs near 300 km, reaching approximately 82.8%, while the largest decrease occurs around 160 km, reaching about −22.0%. The OI630.0 dayglow intensity increases by approximately 6.3%, the peak VER decreases by about −8.0%, and the peak height rises by approximately 16.3 km, corresponding to a 7.8% increase. The F‐layer intensity, peak VER, and the entire‐layer intensity of OI557.7 dayglow decrease by approximately −27.5%, −32.4% and −17.4%, respectively. The response of the dayglow also depends on longitude and is accompanied by a southward meridional wind.
Plain Language Summary
The atomic oxygen dayglow emissions at 630.0 and 557.7 nm are the brightest airglows in the upper atmosphere and important subjects of research. They indicate the connection between the thermosphere and ionosphere as they are influenced by both plasma and neutral species. Understanding this connection is crucial for studying the effects of space weather. During geomagnetic storms, increased Joule heating and particle heating in the polar regions cause the expansion of the upper atmosphere. This interaction disrupts the ionosphere, affecting the 630.0 and 557.7 nm airglows. The Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐Resolution Thermospheric Imaging onboard the Ionospheric Connection Explorer simultaneously gathers data from both dayglow emissions without the need for duty cycling or scanning. This study examined the response of both dayglow to a moderate geomagnetic storm on 27 August 2021. The results enhance our understanding of thermosphere‐ionosphere coupling and space weather impacts.
Key Points
The OI630.0 dayglow emission layer moves and extends upward during the geomagnetic storm
The OI630.0 dayglow emission response varies with altitude, increasing above ∼225 km and decreasing below it
Both OI630.0 and OI557.7 dayglow responses depend on longitude, maximizing in the longitude sector around 70°W during this storm
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•Increase of SRT led to an enhanced performance of sludge digestion in AnDMBR.•Sludge concentration of membrane tank reached 56.3 g/L under SRT 50 d.•At SRT 50 d, biogas yield of 0.79 ...L/g VS and VS reduction rate of 55.9% was reached.•Both acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis were found under higher SRT.•The utilization of organic matter and acetate was also enhanced at longer SRT.
An anaerobic dynamic membrane bioreactor (AnDMBR), which enabled the decoupling of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and solids retention time (SRT), was used for enhancing sludge digestion, with the associated mechanisms elucidated. With the increase of SRT, the biogas production and sludge reduction rate were both enhanced. The specific biogas production and volatile solids (VS) reduction rate were improved to 0.79 L/g VS and 55.9% under SRT 50 d, respectively. Microbial community analysis revealed that Chloroflexi, which is capable of degrading metabolites and dead cells, was enriched at longer SRT. Further analysis showed that both acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis contributed to the enhanced biogas production under higher SRT compared to the dominance of acetoclastic methanogenesis under lower SRT. The enhanced utilization of organic matter and acetate at longer SRT further confirmed the mechanisms. The results highlighted the potential of AnDMBR for high-efficient sludge digestion.
Objective
Induction of secondary necrosis/pyroptosis contributes to the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, in which gasdermin E (GSDME) plays critical roles. This study aimed to explore whether ...GSDME is involved in mediating the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin and doxorubicin on mouse macrophages.
Methods
RAW 264.7 cells and bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) were treated with cisplatin or doxorubicin. Propidium iodide staining was used to assay necrosis, and immunoblotting was performed to detect protein expression. GSDME was knocked down by using small interfering RNA. Mice were injected intraperitoneally to evaluate toxicity to macrophages in vivo. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy were adopted to analyse phenotypes of peritoneal cells. Cytokine levels were assayed by cytometric bead array.
Results
Both cisplatin and doxorubicin dose‐dependently induced necrosis in mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages and BMDMs. Accompanying this, multiple caspases were activated, concomitant with the cleavage of poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase. Consistent with caspase‐3 activation, GSDME was cleaved to generate its N‐terminal fragment (GSDME‐NT), thus leading to secondary necrosis/pyroptosis. Inhibition of caspase‐3 significantly attenuated the generation of GSDME‐NT concurrently with decreased necrosis in macrophages. GSDME knockdown also evidently decreased the necrosis in RAW 264.7 and BMDMs. Besides, cisplatin administration depleted peritoneal macrophages in mice, which was associated with caspase‐3 activation and GSDME‐NT generation. Consistent with the macrophage depletion, cisplatin administration significantly decreased survival of mice with bacterial infection.
Conclusion
Chemotherapeutic cisplatin and doxorubicin exerted their cytotoxicity on macrophages partly by inducing caspase‐3/GSDME‐mediated secondary necrosis.
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