•The impact of NZVI on anammox biomass was investigated for the first time.•1–200mgL−1 NZVI did not show short-term toxicity to anammox biomass.•The presence of 20 or 50mgL−1 NZVI disturbed the ...performance of anammox reactor.•“Ca. Kuenenia” dominated the community in the presence of 1–200mgL−1 NZVI.•Genes related to iron assimilation were down-regulated at 200mgL−1 NZVI.
Given the increasing use of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) particles for environmental remediation and wastewater treatment, their potential impact on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria was investigated in this study using anammox sludge. Batch assays showed that NZVI concentrations up to 200mgL−1 did not affect anammox activity, reactive oxygen species production, and cell membrane integrity. The nitrogen removal efficiency of the continuous-flow reactor fluctuated in the presence of 20 or 50mgL−1 NZVI, but it could return to normal over time, even at 200mgL−1 NZVI. 16S rDNA-based high-throughput sequencing indicated that although the presence of 10, 20, 50, and 200mgL−1 NZVI to some extent affected microbial composition, the anammox bacteria (Candidatus Kuenenia) never lost its dominance. The abundance of gene families that are related to the assimilation and utilization of iron was down-regulated in response to the stress of high-level NZVI.
The molecular topology of amine curing agents is expected to greatly affect the curing reaction and properties of the epoxy resins, yet the exact influence still remains little understood. Herein we ...find out two representative aliphatic amines: linear propanediamine (PDA) and branched N,N,N′,N′-tetra(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine (TAPA), and use them to cure diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The curing reaction, dynamic mechanical properties, and thermal stability of DGEBA/PDA and DGEBA/TAPA are systematically investigated and compared. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirms TAPA and PDA have very close reactivity much higher than that of commercial Jeffamine T-403 with the branched molecular structure. The curing kinetic analysis shows TAPA causes the higher isothermal conversion at the lower temperature (e.g., 40°C), the autocatalysis and diffusion-associated kinetics feature the isothermal reactions, and the extended Kamal model turns out to be able to well predict the curing rate. Then, the isoconversional analysis with the Vyazovkin methods demonstrates compared to PDA, TAPA leads to the lower effective activation energy at the very beginning due to its catalytic tertiary amino groups, but the reversed trend emerges in the deep-conversion stage, especially, in the glass-transition regime, owing to its flexible aliphatic molecular chains. Furthermore, the isothermal conversion at the higher temperatures is predicted from the nonisothermal experiments. Finally, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) shows cured DGEBA/TAPA exhibits the higher glass- and β-relaxation temperatures and crosslink density than DGEBA/PDA, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals TAPA-cured epoxy has the excellent thermal stability with the higher char yield.
The extinction characteristics of mixed particles, which are composed of various types of particles, appear to be more complex. To statistically analyze photon destinations and investigate the ...extinction characteristics of mixed particles by tracing all underlying events in detail, a Monte Carlo method-based extinction model has been developed. Meanwhile, an extinction spectrum measurement system was designed. A series of experiments for both single-type particle and mixed-particle systems were performed. Afterwards, global optimization algorithms are introduced to perform simultaneous inversion of sizes of mixed particles and mixing ratio based on the experimental spectrum. The inversion results show that the error for any single parameter is <2%. Performing a simultaneous inversion for particle sizes and mixing ratios leads to an increase in the relative error, but it does not exceed 9%. It indicates that the model could simultaneously invert the mixing ratio and handle particle systems with two different sizes.
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•Establishes an extinction model based on Monte Carlo to analyze mixed particles.•Develops an experimental extinction measurement system to validate the model.•Global optimization algorithms are successfully employed during inversions.•Multi-parameter measurements of mixing ratio and particle size are measured.
•Mass transfer, rheology and fractal dimension of anammox granules were investigated.•A high UFV weakened the mass transfer resistance of anammox granules.•Low temperature led to increased apparent ...viscosity.
In this study, the mass transfer, rheological behavior and fractal dimension of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) granules in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors at various temperatures (8.5–34.5°C) and upflow velocities (0.06, 0.18mh−1) were investigated. The results demonstrated that a lower temperature increased the external mass transfer coefficient and apparent viscosity and impaired the performance of anammox granules. The external mass transfer coefficient was decreased, but efficient nitrogen removal of up to 96% was achieved under high upflow velocity, which also decreased the apparent viscosity. Furthermore, a fractal dimension of up to 2.93 achieved at low temperature was higher than the previously reported values for mesophilic anammox granules. A higher upflow velocity was associated with the lower fractal dimension. Because of the disturbance in granule flaking, the effectiveness factor was less suitable than the external mass transfer coefficient for characterization of mass transfer resistance.
Paclitaxel is a chemotherapy drug that is commonly used to treat cancer, but it can cause paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain (PINP) as a side effect. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) has been shown to be ...effective in promoting the resolution of inflammation and chronic pain. In this study, we evaluated the effects of RvD1 on PINP and its underlying mechanisms in mice.
Behavioral analysis was used to assess the establishment of the PINP mouse model and to test the effects of RvD1 or other formulations on mouse pain behavior. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was employed to detect the impact of RvD1 on 12/15 Lox, FPR2, and neuroinflammation in PTX-induced DRG neurons. Western blot analysis was used to examine the effects of RvD1 on FPR2, Nrf2, and HO-1 expression in DRG induced by PTX. TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptosis of DRG neurons induced by BMDM conditioned medium. H2DCF-DA staining was used to detect the reactive oxygen species level of DRG neurons in the presence of PTX or RvD1+PTX treated BMDMs CM.
Expression of 12/15-Lox was decreased in the sciatic nerve and DRG of mice with PINP, suggesting a potential involvement of RvD1 in the resolution of PINP. Intraperitoneal injection of RvD1 promoted pain resolution of PINP in mice. Intrathecal injection of PTX-treated BMDMs induced mechanical pain hypersensitivity in naïve mice, while pretreatment of RvD1 in BMDMs prevented it. Macrophage infiltration increased in the DRGs of PINP mice, but it was not affected by RvD1 treatment. RvD1 increased IL-10 expression in the DRGs and macrophages, while IL-10 neutralizing antibody abolished the analgesic effect of RvD1 on PINP. The effects of RvD1 in promoting IL-10 production were also inhibited by N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) antagonist. The primary cultured DRG neurons apoptosis increased after stimulation with condition medium of PTX-treated BMDMs, but decreased after pretreatment with RvD1 in BMDMs. Finally, Nrf2-HO1 signaling was additionally activated in DRG neurons after stimulation with condition medium of RvD1+PTX-treated BMDMs, but these effects were abolished by FPR2 blocker or IL-10 neutralizing antibody.
In conclusion, this study provides evidence that RvD1 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the clinical treatment of PINP. RvD1/FPR2 upregulates IL-10 in macrophages under PINP condition, and then IL-10 activates the Nrf2- HO1 pathway in DRG neurons, relieve neuronal damage and PINP.
Phosphorus is a limiting factor for eutrophication while also an important nonrenewable resource. Adsorption is one of the most efficient phosphorus pollution control technologies and phosphorus ...recovery can be promisingly achieved after desorption. The use of iron oxides as adsorbents to remove phosphorus has been extensively studied, due to merits of high adsorption capacity, high selectivity, as well as environmental benign. However, their effectiveness and feasibility in practical applications are still challenged. This review summarized the current achievements of using iron oxides and their modified products to remove phosphorus from wastewater. Phosphorus removal mechanisms and strategies for improving the performance of different types of iron oxide-based adsorbents were summarized. Moreover, the potential methods of phosphorus desorption and subsequent recovery were summarized. Finally, the future challenges on the practical application of iron oxides in phosphorus recovery from wastewater were discussed. This review might provide guidance for the development and application of adsorption-based phosphorus recovery technology.
•The impact of MHNPs on anammox biomass was investigated for the first time.•MHNPs at 1–200 mg L−1 did not show short-term toxicity to anammox biomass.•MHNPs at 1–200 mg L−1 had no adverse effects on ...reactor performance.•The addition of MHNPs increased the relative abundance of Ca. Kuenenia.•SAA and EPS content were increased with elevated MHNP concentrations.
Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely applied in environmental remediation, biomass immobilization and wastewater treatment, but their potential impact on anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) biomass remains unknown. In this study, the short-term and long-term impacts of maghemite NPs (MHNPs) on the flocculent sludge wasted from a high-rate anammox reactor were investigated. Batch assays showed that the presence of MHNPs up to 200 mg L−1 did not affect anammox activity, reactive oxygen species production, or cell membrane integrity. Moreover, long-term addition of 1–200 mg L−1 MHNPs had no adverse effects on reactor performance. Notably, the specific anammox activity, the abundance of hydrazine synthase structural genes and the content of extracellular polymeric substance were increased with elevated MHNP concentrations. Meanwhile, the community structure was shifted to higher abundance of Candidatus Kuenenia indicated by high-throughput sequencing. Therefore, MHNPs could be applied to enhance anammox flocculent sludge due to their favorable biocompatibility.
In order to explore the performance, kinetics characteristics and enhancement mechanisms in anammox process under ferrous iron enhanced conditions, a laboratory-scale UASB anammox reactor has been ...built up and operated for 534 days. Experimental results showed that the Anammox process was successfully started up in a short operation period and the TNRE reached 83.34 ± 2.96% with a maximum total nitrogen removal rate of 14.4 kg m
−3
d
−1
after long-term operated under influent Fe(II) concentration of 5.3 mg L
−1
. Simulation results using different kinetic models showed that the Stover–Kincannon model and the Grau second-order model were useful for describing the anammox performance under Fe(II) enhanced conditions. Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) act a pivotal part in the granulation of Anammox sludge and the improvement of anammox activity. Iron improved the hydrophobicity of the sludge by reducing the PN/PS ratios, and also increased the Anammox granular diameter. The granular diameter of higher than 2.00 accounted for 58.3% of the total sludge. At the same time, the presence of iron decreased EPS levels, and also decreased the iron adsorption ability to sludge. More iron was transported into Anammox, which improved the nitrogen removal ability in the Anammox reactor.
Pyroptosis is a unique pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death which plays a critical role in promoting the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the current ...drug that is capable of inhibition pyroptosis has not been translated successfully in the clinic, suggesting a requirement for drug screening in depth.
We screened more than 20,000 small molecules and found D359-0396 demonstrates a potent anti-pyroptosis and anti-inflammation effect in both mouse and human macrophage. In vivo, EAE (a mouse model of MS) and septic shock mouse model was used to investigate the protective effect of D359-0396. In vitro experiments we used LPS plus ATP/nigericin/MSU to induce pyroptosis in both mouse and human macrophage, and finally the anti-pyroptosis function of D359-0396 was assessed.
Our findings show that D359-0396 is well-tolerated without remarkable disruption of homeostasis. Mechanistically, while D359-0396 is capable of inhibiting pyroptosis and IL-1β release in macrophages, this process depends on the NLRP3-Casp1-GSDMD pathway rather than NF-κB, AIM2 or NLRC4 inflammasome signaling. Consistently, D359-0396 significantly suppresses the oligomerization of NLRP3, ASC, and the cleavage of GSDMD. In vivo, D359-0396 not only ameliorates the severity of EAE (a mouse model of MS), but also exhibits a better therapeutic effect than teriflunomide, the first-line drug of MS. Similarly, D359-0396 treatment also significantly protects mice from septic shock.
Our study identified D359-0396 as a novel small-molecule with potential application in NLRP3-associated diseases.
•D359-0396 is well-tolerated without remarkable disruption of homeostasis.•D359-0396 is capable of inhibiting pyroptosis and IL-1β release in macrophages.•D359-0396 ameliorates the severity of EAE and septic shock.
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a key inflammatory form of cell death participating in the progression of many inflammatory diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and sepsis. ...Identification of small molecules to inhibit pyroptosis is emerging as an attractive strategy. In this study, we performed a screening based on in silico docking of compounds on the reported Gasdermin D (GSDMD) three-dimensional structure and found C202-2729 demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory effects in both endotoxin shock and EAE mouse models. Oral administration of C202-2729 was capable of attenuating EAE disease severity significantly and has the comparable effects to teriflunomide, the first-line clinical drug of multiple sclerosis. We found C202-2729 remarkably suppressed macrophage and T cell–associated immune inflammation. Mechanistically, C202-2729 neither impact GSDMD cleavage nor the upstream inflammasome activation in mouse immortalized bone marrow–derived macrophages. However, C202-2729 exposure significantly repressed the IL-1β secretion and cell pyroptosis. We found C202-2729 directly bonds to the N terminus of GSDMD and blocks the migration of the N-terminal GSDMD fragment to cell membrane, restraining the pore-forming and mature IL-1β release. Collectively, our findings provide a new molecule with the potential for translational application in GSDMD-associated inflammatory diseases.
