This paper analyzes the effects of the rotor position error in the performance of field-oriented-controlled permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) drives intended for electric vehicle (EV) ...traction applications. A special focus is given to the torque ripple generated along the characteristic trajectories in the different operating regions of the PMSM. An extended and generalized model of the torque ripple produced by the PMSM as a function of the rotor position error is analytically deduced. An infinite-speed interior-(I)PMSM drive and a finite-speed surface-mounted (SM)-PMSM drive are considered for the simulations carried out in MATLAB-SimPowerSystems. The experimental results have been validated with a TM4 EV drive controlling an 80-kW SM-PMSM. The torque ripple has been evaluated for both motoring and regenerative braking operation modes under maximum torque conditions going from 100 N · m at 1000 r/min up to 55 N · m at 9000 r/min. The obtained simulation and experimental results demonstrate the good accuracy of the proposed model for evaluating the torque ripple produced in PMSMs due to the error from the rotor position sensor.
Droplet microfluidics offers exquisite control over the flows of multiple fluids in microscale, enabling fabrication of advanced microparticles with precisely tunable structures and compositions in a ...high throughput manner. The combination of these remarkable features with proper materials and fabrication methods has enabled high efficiency, direct encapsulation of actives in microparticles whose features and functionalities can be well controlled. These microparticles have great potential in a wide range of bio-related applications including drug delivery, cell-laden matrices, biosensors and even as artificial cells. In this review, we briefly summarize the materials, fabrication methods, and microparticle structures produced with droplet microfluidics. We also provide a comprehensive overview of their recent uses in biomedical applications. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and perspectives to promote the future development of these engineered microparticles.
This review summarizes microparticles produced by droplet microfluidics and their applications in biomedical fields.
Multiphase microfluidics enables an alternative approach with many possibilities in studying, analyzing, and manufacturing functional materials due to its numerous benefits over macroscale methods, ...such as its ultimate controllability, stability, heat and mass transfer capacity, etc. In addition to its immense potential in biomedical applications, multiphase microfluidics also offers new opportunities in various industrial practices including extraction, catalysis loading, and fabrication of ultralight materials. Herein, aiming to give preliminary guidance for researchers from different backgrounds, a comprehensive overview of the formation mechanism, fabrication methods, and emerging applications of multiphase microfluidics using different systems is provided. Finally, major challenges facing the field are illustrated while discussing potential prospects for future work.
Multiphase microfluidics enables an alternative approach with many possibilities in studying, analyzing, and manufacturing functional materials. Herein, a comprehensive overview of the formation mechanism, fabrication methods, and emerging applications of multiphase microfluidics using different systems is given, and major challenges facing the field and potential prospects for future work are discussed.
This paper presents a novel algorithm based on polynomial approximations (PAs) for an efficient error compensation of magnetic analog encoders (MAEs) in permanent-magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) ...intended for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion. The proposed PA algorithm requires a negligible memory space compared to a very high-resolution look-up table (LUT). The use of polynomials allows compensating every possible input rotor position without carrying out an interpolation or a rounding to the nearest quantized value. The PA algorithm has been implemented to work in real time on a TM4 EV drive controlling an 80 kW PMSM. The performance of the algorithm has been validated at 6000 and 9000 r/min under +85 and ±55 Nm of torque, respectively. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) effects have been minimized using a type-2 phase-locked loop (PLL). The proposed PA algorithm assisted with the PLL is capable of reducing the total position error to a range as small as ±0.2°. The combination of these two algorithms is a promising solution for compensating the position error in quadrature analog encoders. The experimental results obtained with the 80 kW PMSM demonstrate the feasibility of low-cost MAEs for achieving high-performance field-oriented control (FOC) of PMSMs in EV drives.
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•Green microfluidics for carbon neutral microchemical engineering are elucidated..•Development of green microfluidic system is interpreted.•Representative low carbon applications are ...summarized.•Challenges and perspectives are proposed and discussed.
The concept of “carbon neutrality” poses a huge challenge for chemical engineering and brings great opportunities for boosting the development of novel technologies to realize carbon offsetting and reduce carbon emissions. Developing high-efficient, low-cost, energy-efficient and eco-friendly microfluidic-based microchemical engineering is of great significance. Such kind of “green microfluidics” can reduce carbon emissions from the source of raw materials and facilitate controllable and intensified microchemical engineering processes, which represents the new power for the transformation and upgrading of chemical engineering industry. Here, a brief review of green microfluidics for achieving carbon neutral microchemical engineering is presented, with specific discussions about the characteristics and feasibility of applying green microfluidics in realizing carbon neutrality. Development of green microfluidic systems are categorized and reviewed, including the construction of microfluidic devices by bio-based substrate materials and by low carbon fabrication methods, and the use of more biocompatible and non-destructive fluidic systems such as aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs). Moreover, low carbon applications benefit from green microfluidics are summarized, ranging from separation and purification of biomolecules, high-throughput screening of chemicals and drugs, rapid and cost-effective detections, to synthesis of fine chemicals and novel materials. Finally, challenges and perspectives for further advancing green microfluidics in microchemical engineering for carbon neutrality are proposed and discussed.
•A three-year survey was conducted to evaluate the natural occurrence of DON and ZEN in FHB frequently epidemic region.•74.4% Wheat samples were DON contaminated, while 12.8% of them were ZEN ...contaminated.•Rainfall from flowering to harvesting plays a major role in DON and ZEN accumulation.
A three-year (2010–2012) survey was conducted to assess the prevalence and concentrations of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in wheat from several regions of Jiangsu province, China, which are heavily impacted by Fusarium head blight. A total of 180 wheat samples were obtained from the infected fields that spread 21 counties. DON and ZEN levels were determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). DON was found in 74.4% of samples at levels ranging from 14.52 to 41157.13μg/kg (mean 488.02μg/kg), while ZEN was found in 12.8% of samples at levels ranging from 10.13 to 3048.88μg/kg (mean 73.04μg/kg). In years and regions of higher rainfall, DON and ZEN levels were higher in samples. These results are necessary to take a vigilant attitude to prevent human intake of trichothecenes and protect human’s health from the risk of exposure to these toxins.
Wheat Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by
species, is a widespread and destructive fungal disease. In addition to the substantial yield and revenue losses, diseased grains are often contaminated ...with
mycotoxins, making them unsuitable for human consumption or use as animal feed. As a vital food and feed ingredient in China, the quality and safety of wheat and its products have gained growing attention from consumers, producers, scientists, and policymakers. This review supplies detailed data about the occurrence of
toxins and related intoxications from the 1980s to the present. Despite the serious situation of toxin contamination in wheat, the concentration of toxins in flour is usually lower than that in raw materials, and food-poisoning incidents have been considerably reduced. Much work has been conducted on every phase of toxin production and wheat circulation by scientific researchers. Regulations for maximum contamination limits have been established in recent years and play a substantial role in ensuring the stability of the national economy and people's livelihoods.
Abstract
Smart membranes with responsive wettability show promise for controllably separating oil/water mixtures, including immiscible oil-water mixtures and surfactant-stabilized oil/water ...emulsions. However, the membranes are challenged by unsatisfactory external stimuli, inadequate wettability responsiveness, difficulty in scalability and poor self-cleaning performance. Here, we develop a capillary force-driven confinement self-assembling strategy to construct a scalable and stable CO
2
-responsive membrane for the smart separation of various oil/water systems. In this process, the CO
2
-responsive copolymer can homogeneously adhere to the membrane surface by manipulating the capillary force, generating a membrane with a large area up to 3600 cm
2
and excellent switching wettability between high hydrophobicity/underwater superoleophilicity and superhydrophilicity/underwater superoleophobicity under CO
2
/N
2
stimulation. The membrane can be applied to various oil/water systems, including immiscible mixtures, surfactant-stabilized emulsions, multiphase emulsions and pollutant-containing emulsions, demonstrating high separation efficiency (>99.9%), recyclability, and self-cleaning performance. Due to robust separation properties coupled with the excellent scalability, the membrane shows great implications for smart liquid separation.
Global warming and climate change due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) have aroused significant concerns at the global scale due to rapid economic growth in industries and other fields. ...Therefore, CO2 capture, use, and storage have become particularly important. In this review, general background and methods for CO2 capture and separation, in particular, on ionic liquids (ILs)-based solvents and materials, are discussed. Comprehensive surveys of ILs for CO2 absorption are presented, which focused mainly on experimental researches, and then the concept is extended to functionalized absorbents and recent developments for CO2 capture. Major advantages and disadvantages of amines-based and ILs-based absorbents are discussed in this review. Solutions of traditional amines (MEA, MDEA, DEA, AMP, PZ, etc.) and ILs (conventional ILs, functionalized ILs, etc.) are summarized. Moreover, research progresses on CO2 separation are also introduced focusing mainly on amines and ILs-based membranes (e.g. supported amines membranes, SILMs). Futhermore, the fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates catalyzed by ILs (pure ILs, complex catalyst system with ILs, supported ILs, etc.) is summarized, clearly explaining the mechanism of CO2 fixation with ILs. Finally, exploration of some recent studies about CO2 capture and conversion by ILs and challenges for further progress are presented and related suggestions are put forward.
•General methods for CO2 capture and separation are discussed, particularly amine and ionic liquids-based solvent and materials.•Ionic liquids used as catalysts for cycloaddition of CO2 are summarized, which is beneficial for understanding the mechanism of CO2 fixation.•Future outlook for CO2 capture, separation and conversion using amine and ionic liquids-based compounds is discussed.
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The fine chemical process has many environmental and safety problems related to the unavoidable use of various organic reactions which are highly involved with exothermic reactions, explosive ...intermediates, corrosive reagents, toxic or reactive gases, flammable and pyrophoric compounds, and extreme conditions. Limited by the traditional batch process, the efficiency of these reactions should be manually lowered to keep the reaction from going out of control. Benefiting from its rapid transfer of reaction heat, efficient micro-mixing of ingredients, and minimal hold-up of hazardous reagents, continuous-flow microreaction synthesis has emerged as a new technology for producing fine chemicals efficiently and safely in the last two decades. Here, we will introduce some recent progress on the fundamentals and developments of efficient, green, and safe processes for fine chemical synthesis using microreaction technology mainly by our group, including rearrangement reaction, cycloaddition reaction, diazotization reaction, coupling reaction, alkylation reaction, and sulfonation reaction. Based on our research progress, the development of microreaction technology in fine chemical synthesis was discussed here, including applying online analysis and intelligent algorithms to improve the efficiency of the development of microreaction systems from lab scale to commercial production, extending the application of microreaction technology to solid or particle treatment, studying the behaviors of heterogeneous reactions, revealing principles for scaling up heterogeneous reactions in specialized microreactors, and decision toolbox considering both the characteristic of the microreaction system and the overall goal of the industry.
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