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•Algal-bacterial tandem and Bacterial-algal tandem systems were constructed.•Degradation pathways for different systems were proposed.•Microbial community was different in different ...systems.•Anthraquinone dyes were initially degraded by Chlorella.•Initial degradation products were more easily and completely degraded by bacteria.
This study analyzed the role of algae and bacteria in algal-bacterial symbiotic systems for the treatment of dyeing wastewater. The mechanism was investigated by constructing an algae-bacteria tandem system (A system) and a bacteria-algae tandem system (B system). The results showed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and decolorization rates of A system reached 91% and 90%, respectively, under optimal conditions, which were higher than that of B system. The degradation pathways of A and B systems differed according the degradation product analysis. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria in A and B systems. Armatimonadetes increased considerably in A system. These results show that algae mainly contributed to the preliminary degradation of anthraquinone dye, and resulting products were easily degraded by bacteria. This study provides guidance on the optimization of the system. It can be better adapted to the actual needs of wastewater treatment plants.
Both traditional retailers and e-tailers have been implementing omnichannel strategies such as buy online, pick up at store (BOPS). We build a stylized model to investigate the impact of the BOPS ...initiative on store operations from an inventory perspective. We consider two segments of customers, namely store-only customers who only make purchases offline and omni-customers who strategically choose between offline and online channels. We show that BOPS may either benefit or hurt the retailer depending on two fundamental system primitives: the store visiting cost and the online waiting cost. If the online waiting cost is relatively low and the store visiting cost is even lower, BOPS can induce omni-customers to migrate from online buying to BOPS, leading to
demand pooling
at the brick-and-mortar (B&M) store. Such demand pooling provides two benefits for the retailer: it reduces the overstocking cost, and after inventory reoptimization, it results in a higher fill rate at the B&M store, which benefits existing customers and potentially attracts more customers to the store. In contrast, if both store visiting and online waiting costs are relatively high with the latter even higher, introducing BOPS can result in
demand depooling
as a result of the migration of the omni-customers from offline purchasing to BOPS. This leads to a lower fill rate after inventory reoptimization, likely the result of a lower profit margin under BOPS, which turns away store-only customers and hurts the retailer.
This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management.
To determine the key aroma compounds in Chinese milk fan cheese, samples from 6 of the most popular handmade milk fan workshops in Yunnan province of China were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass ...spectrometry (GC-MS), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), sensory evaluation, aroma recombination and omission experiments. Seventy-one aroma compounds were identified by GC-MS, and 31 odor-active compounds were detected by GC-O. The relationships between the 31 odor-active compounds and 10 sensory evaluation properties were explored by partial least squares discriminant analysis. The results identified 23 initial key aroma compounds, which were used to simulate the aroma profile of milk fan in aroma recombination experiments. Aroma omission experiments identified propanoic acid, butanoic acid, octanoic acid, octanal, nonanal, 2-nonanone, and ethyl hexanoate as the key aroma compounds. Propanoic acid and butanoic acid contributed to cheese and rancid aromas, octanal and nonanal to the fat aroma, octanoic acid and 2-nonanone to the cheese aroma, and ethyl hexanoate to the fruity aroma of milk fan.
•The vicarious traumatization scores for front-line nurses were significantly lower than those of non-front-line nurses;•The vicarious traumatization scores for the general public were significantly ...higher than those of front-line nurses.•Strategies that aim to prevent and treat vicarious traumatization in medical staff and general public are necessary.
Since December 2019, more than 79,000 people have been diagnosed with infection of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). A large number of medical staff was sent to Wuhan city and Hubei province to aid COVID-19 control. Psychological stress, especially vicarious traumatization caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, should not be ignored. To address this concern, the study employed a total of 214 general public and 526 nurses (i.e., 234 front-line nurses and 292 non-front-line nurses) to evaluate vicarious traumatization scores via a mobile app-based questionnaire. Front-line nurses are engaged in the process of providing care for patients with COVID-19. The results showed that the vicarious traumatization scores for front-line nurses including scores for physiological and psychological responses, were significantly lower than those of non-front-line nurses (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the vicarious traumatization scores of the general public were significantly higher than those of the front-line nurses (P < 0.001); however, no statistical difference was observed compared to the scores of non-front-line nurses (P > 0.05). Therefore, increased attention should be paid to the psychological problems of the medical staff, especially non-front-line nurses, and general public under the situation of the spread and control of COVID-19. Early strategies that aim to prevent and treat vicarious traumatization in medical staff and general public are extremely necessary.
PUF Modeling Attacks on Simulated and Silicon Data Ruhrmair, Ulrich; Solter, Jan; Sehnke, Frank ...
IEEE transactions on information forensics and security,
11/2013, Letnik:
8, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
We discuss numerical modeling attacks on several proposed strong physical unclonable functions (PUFs). Given a set of challenge-response pairs (CRPs) of a Strong PUF, the goal of our attacks is to ...construct a computer algorithm which behaves indistinguishably from the original PUF on almost all CRPs. If successful, this algorithm can subsequently impersonate the Strong PUF, and can be cloned and distributed arbitrarily. It breaks the security of any applications that rest on the Strong PUF's unpredictability and physical unclonability. Our method is less relevant for other PUF types such as Weak PUFs. The Strong PUFs that we could attack successfully include standard Arbiter PUFs of essentially arbitrary sizes, and XOR Arbiter PUFs, Lightweight Secure PUFs, and Feed-Forward Arbiter PUFs up to certain sizes and complexities. We also investigate the hardness of certain Ring Oscillator PUF architectures in typical Strong PUF applications. Our attacks are based upon various machine learning techniques, including a specially tailored variant of logistic regression and evolution strategies. Our results are mostly obtained on CRPs from numerical simulations that use established digital models of the respective PUFs. For a subset of the considered PUFs-namely standard Arbiter PUFs and XOR Arbiter PUFs-we also lead proofs of concept on silicon data from both FPGAs and ASICs. Over four million silicon CRPs are used in this process. The performance on silicon CRPs is very close to simulated CRPs, confirming a conjecture from earlier versions of this work. Our findings lead to new design requirements for secure electrical Strong PUFs, and will be useful to PUF designers and attackers alike.
Logic locking has recently been proposed as a solution for protecting gatelevel semiconductor intellectual property (IP). However, numerous attacks have been mounted on this technique, which either ...compromise the locking key or restore the original circuit functionality. SAT attacks leverage golden IC information to rule out all incorrect key classes, while bypass and removal attacks exploit the limited output corruptibility and/or structural traces of SAT-resistant locking schemes. In this paper, we propose a new lightweight locking technique: CAS-Lock (cascaded locking) which nullifies both SAT and bypass attacks, while simultaneously maintaining nontrivial output corruptibility. This property of CAS-Lock is in stark contrast to the well-accepted notion that there is an inherent trade-off between output corruptibility and SAT resistance. We theoretically and experimentally validate the SAT resistance of CAS-Lock, and show that it reduces the attack to brute-force, regardless of its construction. Further, we evaluate its resistance to recently proposed approximate SAT attacks (i.e., AppSAT). We also propose a modified version of CAS-Lock (mirrored CAS-Lock or M-CAS) to protect against removal attacks. M-CAS allows a trade-off evaluation between removal attack and SAT attack resiliency, while incurring minimal area overhead. We also show how M-CAS parameters such as the implemented Boolean function and selected key can be tuned by the designer so that a desired level of protection against all known attacks can be achieved.
The coronavirus (COVID-19) became a global pandemic in March 2020 and impacted nations worldwide not only because of the disease but also because the containment measures-imposed created ripple ...effects for the populations in each country. The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected vulnerable groups, such as persons with disabilities. This study aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the function of Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR)/Community-Based Inclusive Development (CBID) across nations and for their target communities-persons with disabilities. The current article also described some measures CBR/CBID programs took in light of service closure to facilitate access to needed services for persons with disabilities.
We conducted a secondary analysis of qualitative data to understand the impact of COVID-19 on the functioning of CBR/CBID programs and their target communities. The original qualitative data were collected through online dialogues among CBR/CBID partners across five regions of the world, facilitated for understanding of their practices on five other topics.
COVID-19 significantly impacted the function of CBR/CBID programs across the world. Many services were halted due to public health measures, such as maintaining social distancing or lockdowns. The COVID-19 pandemic also had a negative impact on access to health, education and livelihood support for persons with disabilities. Additionally, many people with disabilities did not have access to COVID-19 related information and services like vaccines. However, we found that technology played a significant role in revitalizing CBR/CBID programs during COVID-19. CBR/CBID service providers across five regions used online platforms to disseminate information about COVID-19. Professionals also used technology to provide rehabilitation and educational services to people with disabilities through online platforms.
Our findings suggest that technology can play a vital role in continuing many services (e.g., CBR/CBID) that cannot be offered in person during crises like COVID-19. However, it is important to remember that technology may not be accessible to many individuals with disabilities, specifically those who reside in rural areas and who experience adverse situations like financial constraints. Additionally, many persons with disabilities may not have the necessary knowledge and skills to use technology. CBR personnel must consider that before adopting technology to provide services under CBR programs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The prevalence of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke multimorbidity (co-occurrence of two or three of these conditions) has increased rapidly. Little is known about how the three conditions progress ...from one to another sequentially through the life course. We aimed to delineate this progression in middle-aged women and to determine the roles of common risk factors in the accumulation of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke multimorbidity.
We used data from 13,714 women aged 45-50 years without a history of any of the three conditions. They were participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health (ALSWH), enrolled in 1996, and surveyed approximately every 3 years to 2016. We characterized the longitudinal progression of the three conditions and multimorbidity. We estimated the accumulation of multimorbidity over 20 years of follow-up and investigated their association with both baseline and time-varying predictors (sociodemographic factors, lifestyle factors, and other chronic conditions). Over 20 years, 2,511 (18.3%) of the women progressed to at least one condition, of whom 1,420 (56.6%) had diabetes, 1,277 (50.9%) had heart disease, and 308 (12.3%) had stroke; 423 (16.8%) had two or three of these conditions. Over a 3-year period, the age-adjusted odds of two or more conditions was approximately twice that of developing one new condition compared to women who did not develop any new conditions. For example, the odds for developing one new condition between Surveys 7 and 8 were 2.29 (95% confidence interval CI, 1.93-2.72), whereas the odds for developing two or more conditions was 6.51 (95% CI, 3.95-10.75). The onset of stroke was more strongly associated with the progression to the other conditions (i.e., 23.4% 95% CI, 16.3%-32.2% of women after first onset of stroke progressed to other conditions, whereas the percentages for diabetes and heart disease were 9.9% 95% CI, 7.9%-12.4% and 11.4% 95% CI, 9.1%-14.4%, respectively). Being separated, divorced, or widowed; being born outside Australia; having difficulty managing on their available income; being overweight or obese; having hypertension; being physically inactive; being a current smoker; and having prior chronic conditions (i.e., mental disorders, asthma, cancer, osteoporosis, and arthritis) were significantly associated with increased odds of accumulation of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke multimorbidity. The main limitations of this study were the use of self-reported data and the low number of events.
Stroke was associated with increased risk of progression to diabetes or heart disease. Social inequality, obesity, hypertension, physical inactivity, smoking, or having other chronic conditions were also significantly associated with increased odds of accumulating multimorbidity. Our findings highlight the importance of awareness of the role of diabetes, heart disease, and stroke multimorbidity among middle-aged women for clinicians and health-promotion agencies.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The global impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unprecedented, and many control and prevention measures have been implemented to test for and trace COVID-19. However, invisible-spreaders, ...who are associated with nucleic acid detection and asymptomatic infections, have received insufficient attention in the current COVID-19 control efforts. In this paper, we analyze the time series infection data for Italy, Germany, Brazil, India and Sweden since the first wave outbreak to address the following issues through a series of experiments. We conclude that: 1) As of June 1, 2020, the proportion of invisible-spreaders is close to 0.4% in Sweden, 0.8% in early Italy and Germany, and 0.4% in the middle and late stages. However, in Brazil and India, the proportion still shows a gradual upward trend; 2) During the spread of this pandemic, even a slight increase in the proportion of invisible-spreaders could have large implications for the health of the community; and 3) On resuming work, the pandemic intervention measures will be relaxed, and invisible-spreaders will cause a new round of outbreaks.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Long-term stress causes hyperalgesia; and there are gender differences in the mechanism of pain in male and female individuals. The role of gut microbiota in pain has also been verified. However, ...whether gut microbiota plays a role in hyperalgesia caused by chronic restraint stress (CRS) with gender differences has not been explored. This study investigated the role of gut microbiota in CRS-induced hyperalgesia gender-specifically through 16 S ribosomal RNA (16 S rRNA) gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The study found that both male and female mice experienced hyperalgesia after CRS and antibiotic treatment. 16 S rRNA gene sequencing reveals gender differences in the fecal microbiota induced by CRS. The pain threshold decreased after transplanting the fecal microbiota from the male and female CRS group to the corresponding pseudo-germ-free mice. In addition, this study detected gender differences in the host gut microbiota and serum metabolism induced by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Specifically, the different serum metabolites between the pseudo-germ-free mice receiving FMT from the CRS group and those from the control group were mainly involved in bile secretion and steroid hormone biosynthesis for male mice, and in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism and tryptophan metabolism for female mice. In summary, the gut microbiota participates in stress-induced hyperalgesia (SIH) with gender differences by influencing the host’s gut microbiota composition and serum metabolism. Therefore, our findings provided insights into developing novel gut microbiota-associated drugs for the management of gender-specific SIH.
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•Chronic restraint stress leads to different changes in the composition of fecal microbiota in male and female individuals.•The fecal microbiota of stress-induced hyperalgesia mice could aggravate hyperalgesia in both male and female pseudo-germ-free mice.•The fecal microbiota of stress-induced hyperalgesia mice could lead to sex-specific changes of fecal microbiota in pseudo-germ-free mice.•The fecal microbiota of stress-induced hyperalgesia mice could induce sex-specific changes of serum metabolites in pseudo-germ-free mice.
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