Summary
Vermicomposting using black soldier fly (BSF) larvae (Hermetia illucens) has gradually become a promising biotechnology for waste management, but knowledge about the larvae gut microbiome is ...sparse. In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing, SourceTracker, and network analysis were leveraged to decipher the influence of larvae gut microbiome on food waste (FW) biodegradation. The microbial community structure of BSF vermicompost (BC) changed greatly after larvae inoculation, with a peak colonization traceable to gut bacteria of 66.0%. The relative abundance of 11 out of 21 metabolic function groups in BC were significantly higher than that in natural composting (NC), such as carbohydrate‐active enzymes. In addition, 36.5% of the functional genes in BC were significantly higher than those in NC. The changes of metabolic functions and functional genes were significantly correlated with the microbial succession. Moreover, the bacteria that proliferated in vermicompost, including Corynebacterium, Vagococcus, and Providencia, had strong metabolic abilities. Systematic and complex interactions between the BSF gut and BC bacteria occurred over time through invasion, altered the microbial community structure, and thus evolved into a new intermediate niche favourable for FW biodegradation. The study highlights BSF gut microbiome as an engine for FW bioconversion, which is conducive to bioproducts regeneration from wastes.
The microbial community of vermicompost changed greatly after addition of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, and gradually became similar to that in the BSF gut. The metabolic functions of vermicompost were strengthened by the BSF larvae gut microbiome, leading to enhancing food waste biodegradation. Complex interactions occurred between the bacteria in the BSF larvae gut and the vermicompost through invasion.
To increase the lipid productivity and thus to reduce the production cost of microalgal biodiesel, effects of cultivation conditions including KNO3-level, CO2 concentration and irradiance on the cell ...growth, chlorophyll a content and lipid accumulation of Chlorella vulgaris were systematically investigated in a membrane sparged photobioreactor. The biochemical compositions including carbohydrates, proteins and lipids were analyzed simultaneously by the FT-IR spectroscopy. The results showed that the largest biomass productivity and the highest lipid content were obtained at different cultivation conditions. The algae should be harvested at a point that optimized the biomass productivity and lipid content. When the cultivation conditions were controlled at 1.0mM KNO3, 1.0% CO2 and 60μmol photons m−2s−1 at 25°C, the highest lipid productivity obtained was 40mgL−1d−1, which was about 2.5-fold that had been reported by Illman et al. (2000). The influences of cultivation conditions on the cell growth, lipid accumulation, and other biochemical compositions of cells were further discussed and illustrated by a schematic which was also useful for other microalgal species.
A visible light photoreductive dearomatizative alkylation of N‐alkyl pyridinium salts for producing 4‐alkyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines is described. The reaction harnesses N‐alkyl pyridinium salts both as ...the alkyl radical precursors to initiate the reaction and as the 1,4‐dihydropyridin‐4‐yl‐based alkylating reagents to terminate the reaction. In contrast to the reported electroreductive procedure via the key dihydropyridine radical intermediates, mechanistic studies demonstrate that this photoreductive dearomatizative alkylation proceeds via directly alkyl radical addition across the pyridinium ring followed by single electron oxidant (SEO) and dearomatization.
A new visible light photoreductive dearomatizative alkylation of N‐alkyl pyridinium salts for producing 4‐alkyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines by harnessing N‐alkyl pyridinium salts both as the alkyl radical precursors to initiate the reaction and as the 1,4‐dihydropyridin‐4‐yl‐based alkylating reagents to terminate the reaction is developed. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that this reaction proceeds via directly alkyl radical addition across the pyridinium ring followed by single electron oxidant and dearomatization.
A simple and practical method for the synthesis of 2-aminobenzothiazoles through visible-light-initiated malic acid-promoted cascade coupling/cyclization of aromatic amines and KSCN with ambient air ...as an oxidant in eco-friendly bis(methoxypropy) ether at ambient temperature was developed.
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By using ambient air as the oxidant and malic acid as the promoter, a practical method for the preparation of 2-aminobenzothiazoles through visible-light-initiated cascade reaction of aromatic amines and KSCN in eco-friendly bis(methoxypropy)ether under metal-, hazardous additive-, photocatalyst-free conditions was established.
A convenient and efficient indium-catalyzed approach to synthesize alkenyl iodides has been developed through direct iodoalkylation of alkynes with alcohols and aqueous HI under mild conditions. This ...catalytic protocol offers an attractive approach for the synthesis of a diverse range of alkenyl iodides in good to excellent yields.
Bio-ethanol as a clean and renewable fuel has gained more attention; however greater energy inputs make a slow progress in industry. Membrane technology has potential in the bioethanol production ...process as a highly selective and energy-saving separation process. This review presented membrane technologies applied in three aspects: (i) microalgae harvesting, (ii) sugar concentration and detoxification, (iii) bioethanol recovery. The performance of different membrane processes was summarized and compared. The advantages and limitations of membrane technologies for these applications are discussed, and it was thought that the hybrid process has great potential in improving membrane efficiency.
Paddy soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) represents a major hotspot for soil biogeochemistry, yet we know little about its chemodiversity let alone the microbial community that shapes it. Here, we ...leveraged ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, amplicon, and metagenomic sequencing to characterize the molecular distribution of DOM and the taxonomic and functional microbial diversity in paddy soils across China. We hypothesized that variances in microbial community significantly associate with changes in soil DOM molecular composition.
We report that both microbial and DOM profiles revealed geographic patterns that were associated with variation in mean monthly precipitation, mean annual temperature, and pH. DOM molecular diversity was significantly correlated with microbial taxonomic diversity. An increase in DOM molecules categorized as peptides, carbohydrates, and unsaturated aliphatics, and a decrease in those belonging to polyphenolics and polycyclic aromatics, significantly correlated with proportional changes in some of the microbial taxa, such as Syntrophobacterales, Thermoleophilia, Geobacter, Spirochaeta, Gaiella, and Defluviicoccus. DOM composition was also associated with the relative abundances of the microbial metabolic pathways, such as anaerobic carbon fixation, glycolysis, lignolysis, fermentation, and methanogenesis.
Our study demonstrates the continental-scale distribution of DOM is significantly correlated with the taxonomic profile and metabolic potential of the rice paddy microbiome. Abiotic factors that have a distinct effect on community structure can also influence the chemodiversity of DOM and vice versa. Deciphering these associations and the underlying mechanisms can precipitate understanding of the complex ecology of paddy soils, as well as help assess the effects of human activities on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions in paddy soils.
To effectively remove N and P from eutrophic water, the
Phragmites australis
after phytoremediation was harvested for preparation of modified biochar. The MgCl
2
-modified biochar (MPB) was ...successfully synthesized at 600 °C under N
2
circumstance. The physiochemical characteristics, the adsorption capacity for N and P in the simulated solution, and their adsorption mechanism of MPB were then determined, followed by the treatment of eutrophic water of Tai lake and its inflow river from agricultural source. The results demonstrated that the MPB presented high adsorption capacity to both simulated NH
4
-N and PO
4
-P with the maximum adsorption capacity exceeding 30 and 100 mg g
−1
, respectively. The entire ammonium adsorption process could be described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model whereas the phosphate adsorption process could be divided into three phases, as described by both intra-particle diffusion model and the pseudo-first-order kinetic. It was further found that the dominant mechanism for ammonium adsorption was Mg
2+
exchange instead of functional groups and surface areas and the Mg-P precipitation was the main mechanism for phosphate adsorption. The MPB also showed high removal ratio of practical TP which reached nearly 90% for both the water in Tai lake and its agricultural source. It suggested that MPB based on harvested
P. australis
was a promising composite for eutrophic water treatment and it could deliver multiple benefits.
Graphic abstract
The capture of carbon dioxide (CO
2) from the air for microalgal cultivation has received increasing interest since it allows advantages that do not only reduce the amount of CO
2 already added to ...the air, but it is also more economical due to the accessibility of air, there are no regeneration requirements and it is a safe method that can help enhance microalgal growth. In order to capture CO
2 from the air, it is necessary to deal with CO
2 emissions from all sources in an atmosphere. Interestingly, the capture unit and microalgal culture can be located at any favorable site. Although a number of photobioreactors have been proposed with a CO
2 distribution system, the consequence of CO
2 losses is still being ignored. Thus, capturing CO
2 from the air via an integrated separation process in a photobioreactor is required for microalgal cultivation. Among the four available separation technologies, the membrane separation process would offer a safe, reliable and low cost method for CO
2 capture. Thus, this method of separation can be considered as a key factor in accelerating the development of a CO
2 enrichment process from the air for microalgal cultivation.
miR‐199a‐5p inhibits monocyte/macrophage differentiation via down‐regulating ACVR1B, further reducing phosphorylation of Smad2/3, resulting in decreased expression of C/EBPα.
miRNAs are short, ...noncoding RNAs that regulate expression of target genes at post‐transcriptional levels and function in many important cellular processes, including differentiation, proliferation, etc. In this study, we observed down‐regulation of miR‐199a‐5p during monocyte/macrophage differentiation of HL‐60 and THP‐1 cells, as well as human CD34+ HSPCs. This down‐regulation of miR‐199a‐5p resulted from the up‐regulation of PU.1 that was demonstrated to regulate transcription of the miR‐199a‐2 gene negatively. Overexpression of miR‐199a‐5p by miR‐199a‐5p mimic transfection or lentivirus‐mediated gene transfer significantly inhibited monocyte/macrophage differentiation of the cell lines or HSPCs. The mRNA encoding an ACVR1B was identified as a direct target of miR‐199a‐5p. Gradually increased ACVR1B expression level was detected during monocyte/macrophage differentiation of the leukemic cell lines and HSPCs, and knockdown of ACVR1B resulted in inhibition of monocyte/macrophage differentiation of HL‐60 and THP‐1 cells, which suggested that ACVR1B functions as a positive regulator of monocyte/macrophage differentiation. We demonstrated that miR‐199a‐5p overexpression or ACVR1B knockdown promoted proliferation of THP‐1 cells through increasing phosphorylation of Rb. We also demonstrated that the down‐regulation of ACVR1B reduced p‐Smad2/3, which resulted in decreased expression of C/EBPα, a key regulator of monocyte/macrophage differentiation, and finally, inhibited monocyte/macrophage differentiation.
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