The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） data with rain gauge data and further to use this TRMM data to drive a Dis- tributed Time-Variant ...Gain Model （DTVGM） to perform hydrological simulations in the semi-humid Weihe River catchment in China. Before the simulations, a comparison with a 10-year （2001-2010） daily rain gauge data set reveals that, at daily time step, TRMM rainfall data are better at capturing rain occurrence and mean values than rainfall extremes. On a monthly time scale, good linear relationships between TRMM and rain gauge rainfall data are found, with determination coefficients R2 varying between 0.78 and 0.89 for the individual stations. Subsequent simulation results of seven years （2001-2007） of data on daily hydro- logical processes confirm that the DTVGM when calibrated by rain gauge data performs better than when calibrated by TRMM data, but the performance of the simulation driven by TRMM data is better than that driven by gauge data on a monthly time scale. The results thus suggest that TRMM rainfall data are more suitable for monthly streamfiow simulation in the study area, and that, when the effects of recalibration and the results for water balance components are also taken into account, the TRMM 3B42-V7 product has the potential to perform well in similar basins.
Background The sensitization and elicitation phases are involved in the immunopathogenesis of contact hypersensitivity （CHS）. Langerhans cells （LCs） are believed to play pivotal roles in the ...sensitization stage of CHS. Local hyperthermia on skin induces the migration as well as maturation of epidermal LCs. Although fever-range whole body hyperthermia and local hyperthermia at 43℃ prior to sensitization were reported to suppress CHS, the effects of different temperatures and the timing sequence of local hyperthermia on CHS have not been tackled. Methods Local hyperthermia was applied to murine dorsal skin 3 days prior to, concurrent with, or 2 days post sensitization with fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC） in BALB/c mice. Local hyperthermia temperatures at 37℃, 39℃, 41℃ and 43℃ were applied to mouse dorsal skin and the severity of CHS was calculated by measuring the swelling response of the challenged ears. Results Local hyperthermia at 39℃, 41℃ and 43℃ prior to sensitization reduced the severity of CHS, as compared with that at 37℃. The suppression of CHS was temperature dependant in that higher temperature had a stronger effect. On the contrary, the hyperthermia treatments, either concurrent with or post-sensitization, resulted in an enhanced temperature-dependant ear swelling response. Conclusions The severity of murine CHS could be influenced by local hyperthermia at the sensitization stage in a temperature dependant manner. The temporal effect of local hyperthermia suggested a novel factor in interpreting the severity of allergic contact dermatitis.
In this study, we present a new method for the indirect integration of beam charges in external beam proton-induced X-ray emission and proton-induced γ-ray emission (PIXE–PIGE) analysis. We recorded ...proton spectra backscattered by a Kapton film extraction window in different sample situations and under different beam currents. We also simulated backscattering spectra using the simulation of backscattering spectra program (SIMNRA). We determined that in a specific geometrical arrangement, different sample situations did not signifi-cantly affect factor CQ (the ratio between integral backscattering proton counts and integral beam charges). We also studied the reproducibility and beam current dependence of factor CQ. The statistic factor of CQ was 28.95 ± 0.6 kilo counts/μC, with a relative standard deviation of 2.0%. Significantly, in external beam PIXE–PIGE analysis, we were able to calculate beam charge integration from the integral backscattering proton counts in an energy region.
The structures of bacterial communities in the brown planthopper （BPH） Nilaparvata lugens （St~l） from different geographic and resistant virulent populations were analyzed by using denatured gradient ...gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. Results showed that the bacterial communities in BPH nymph from the first to the fifth instars varied with nymphal growth and development. The bacterial communities in the first-instar BPH nymph were similar to those in adults. Nine geographic BPH populations were divided into three groups based on the cluster analysis of DGGE fingerprint. The first group was from the Philippines; the second group was from Thailand and Hainan, Yunnan and Zhejiang provinces of China; and the third group was from Vietnam and Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces of China. BPH populations adapted to different resistant rice varieties. The BPH populations from Mudgo （with resistant gene Bphl） and ASD7 （with resistant gene bph2） differed with those of the susceptible rice variety TNI.
Background The transradial approach is regarded as a useful vascular site for coronary procedures. The aim of this study was to test whether 4Fr catheters assisted by ACIST variable rate injector ...system can produce comparable angiographic quality and reduce the risk of radial artery injury compared to hand manifold 6 Fr catheters. Methods A total of 1816 patients were studied consecutively, among whom 856 patients received coronary angiography by 4 Fr catheters （4Fr group） and 960 patients by 6 Fr catheters （6Fr group）. Angiographic and procedural characteristics were observed and recorded. The luminal inner radial arterial diameter before and after the procedure were collected. Results The baseline clinical characteristics were similar in both groups. There were no significant differences in procedure time, radiation dose and quality scores in both groups （P 〉0.05）, but more contrast media was delivered in the 6Fr group （P 〈0.001）. The mean radial arterial diameter six months after the procedure in the 6Fr group reduced significantly compared to that measured one day prior to the procedure （P 〈0.001）. Conclusions Coronary angiography using the 4Fr catheters with Acist power injection system can achieve an acceptable diagnostic quality while at the same time minimizing radial artery injury and contrast media consumption.
Based on test data from the hot forge experiments on Gleeble 1500, a Kumar type constitutive equation for 33Mn2V steel is established. Applying this constitutive equation in commercial FEM software ...of MSC/SuperForm 2005, the piercing process of 33Mn2V steel in Mannesmann mill is then simulated. The modeling results visualized the dynamic evolution of equivalent stress, especially inside the workpieee. It is shown that the non-uniform distribu- tion of stress on the internal and external surface of the workpiece is a distinct characteristic of processing tube pierc- ing. The numerical model was verified by comparing the values of calculated force parameters of the piercing process with those measured in laboratory eonditions. And it shows that the Kumar-type constitutive relationship meets the practical needs.
Objective To describe the undernutrition status of children under 5-year in China, and study the trend between 2002 and 2013. Methods The study was based on two national surveys. Undernutrition was ...determined against WHO＇s 2006 growth standards. The prevalence in 2013 and 2002 was weighted by China sixth National Population Census （2010）. The relationship between undernutrition and gender/age groups/different areas use weighted logistic regression. Results The results indicated the overall prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting of Chinese children under S-year was 8.1%, 2.4%, and 1.9% in 2013, respectively. The prevalence of stunting was higher for children aged 12-47 month, while underweight was higher for children aged 48-59 month. The prevalence of undernutrition was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, especially in poor rural areas. There was a decline of stunting, underweight, and wasting between 2002 and 2013 among the children, with greater reduction in rural areas than in urban areas. Conclusion The prevalence of undernutrition of children under 5-year remains high in rural areas especially in poor rural areas in China. It is urgent to take action to control undernutrition in the vulnerable areas and subgroups.
Background The CYP2C19 G681A single polymorphism has been proven to affect clopidogrel responsiveness. However, the effect of coexisting polymorphisms of other genes has not yet been reported in the ...Chinese population. This study investigated the effect of coexisting polymorphisms of CYP2C19 and P2Y12 on clopidogrel responsiveness and adverse clinical events in Chinese patients. Methods In 577 Han Chinese patients undergoing stent placement because of acute coronary syndrome had platelet reactivity assessed by thromboelastography, and the CYP2C19 G681A and P2Y12 C34T polymorphisms were detected by the ligase detection reaction. Primary clinical endpoints included cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization, and stent thrombosis. The secondary clinical endpoints were thrombolysis in myocardial infarction bleeding. The follow-up period was 12 months. Results Genotyping revealed 194 carriers of the wild type GG genotype of CYP2C19 and the wild type CC genotype of P2Y12 （group 1）, 102 carriers of the wild type GG genotype of CYP2C19 and the mutational T allele of P2Y12 （group 2）, 163 carriers of the mutational A allele of CYP2C19 and the wild type CC genotype of P2Y12 （group 3）, and 118 carriers of the mutational A allele of CYP2C19 and the mutational T allele of P2Y12 （group 4）. Group 4 had the lowest ADP-inhibition （49.74＋32.61） and the highest prevalence of clopidogrel low response （29.7%） of the four groups. The rate of the composite of primary clinical endpoints increased more in group 4 （8.5%） than in the other three groups; the rate of composite primary endpoints in group 2 （2.9%） and group 3 （3.7%） were not significantly different than that of group 1 （1.5%）. Conclusion Coexisting polymorphisms of different genes affected clopidogrel responsiveness and clinical outcome more than single polymorphism in Chinese patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Plant defense responses against penetration or colonization of pathogens are mediated by activation and repression of a large array of genes. Host endogenous small RNAs are essential in gene ...expression reprogramming process. We identified a new Arabidopsis micro RNA（mi RNA） ath-mi R38-3P by high-throughput sequencing and further confirmed it by Northern blot assay. Interestingly, ath-miR38-3P was highly induced after infection of the pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Further analysis based on the mi RNA target database demonstrated that ath-mi R38-3P might target to five putative genes： AT2G03140, AT5G59430, AT5G66320, AT1G36620 and AT3G03820. To confirm the target, we conducted the quantitative real-time PCR to observe the expression pattern of each candidate gene. The results showed that only AT3G03820 was down-regulated after inoculation of S. sclerotiorum. In addition, overexpression of ath-miR38-3P down-regulates AT3G03820, suggesting AT3G03820 might represent the target for ath-mi R38-3P. Our results may provide the useful information for further studying the biological function of a novel ath-mi R38-3P and its targets in Arabidopsis-Sclerotinia interaction.
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