Data are scarce regarding the comorbid mental disorders and their management among COVID-19 patients. This study described the clinical characteristics and management of COVID-19 patients treated in ...psychiatric inpatient settings due to comorbid first-onset mental disorders in Wuhan, China. This electronic medical records-based study included 25 COVID-19 patients with first-onset mental disorders and 55 patients with first-onset mental disorders without COVID-19 (control group). Data collected included ICD-10 diagnoses of mental disorders, psychiatric and respiratory symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. Adjustment disorder (n = 11, 44.0%) and acute and transient psychotic disorders, with associated acute stress (n = 6, 24.0%) were main clinical diagnoses in the COVID-19 group while serious mental illnesses (i.e., schizophrenia, 24.5%) and alcohol use disorders (10.9%) were overrepresented in the control group. On admission, the most common psychiatric symptom in COVID-19 patients was insomnia symptoms (n = 18, 72.0%), followed by aggressive behaviors (n = 16, 64.0%), delusion (n = 10, 40.0%), and severe anxiety (n = 9, 36.0%). In addition to respiratory treatments, 76.0% COVID-19 patients received antipsychotics, 40.0% sedative-hypnotics, and 24.0% mood stabilizers. At the end of inpatient treatment, 4 (16.0%) COVID-19 patients were transferred to other hospitals to continue respiratory treatment after their psychiatric symptoms were controlled while the remaining 21 (84.0%) all recovered. Compared to the control group, COVID-19 group had significantly shorter length of hospital stay (21.2 vs. 37.4 days, P < 0.001). Adjustment disorder and acute and transient psychotic disorders are the main clinical diagnoses of COVID-19 patients managed in psychiatric inpatient settings. The short-term prognosis of these patients is good after conventional psychotropic treatment.
Disorder and non-Hermiticity dramatically impact the topological and localization properties of a quantum system, giving rise to intriguing quantum states of matter. The rich interplay of disorder, ...non-Hermiticity, and topology is epitomized by the recently proposed non-Hermitian topological Anderson insulator that hosts a plethora of exotic phenomena. Here we experimentally simulate the non-Hermitian topological Anderson insulator using disordered photonic quantum walks, and characterize its localization and topological properties. In particular, we focus on the competition between Anderson localization induced by random disorder, and the non-Hermitian skin effect under which all eigenstates are squeezed toward the boundary. The two distinct localization mechanisms prompt a non-monotonous change in profile of the Lyapunov exponent, which we experimentally reveal through dynamic observables. We then probe the disorder-induced topological phase transitions, and demonstrate their biorthogonal criticality. Our experiment further advances the frontier of synthetic topology in open systems.
Mechanistic understanding of asymmetric induction plays a crucial role in designing new catalytic asymmetric reactions. Reported herein is atroposelective access to C–N axially chiral isoquinolones ...via rhodium-catalyzed C–H activation of N-alkoxy benzamides and annulation with imidoyl sulfoxonium ylides. The coupling system proceeded with excellent functional group tolerance, and different conditions were identified to afford one or the other enantiomeric product each in excellent enantioselectivity for a representative class of the sulfoxonium ylide reagent, thus making both enantiomers readily available using the same catalyst. Experimental and computational studies revealed a pathway of C–H alkylation and enantio-determining formal nucleophilic substitution-C–N cyclization that is mediated by the rhodium catalyst via σ-bond metathesis as the asymmetric induction mechanism. Computational studies indicated that the solvent-dependent enatiodivergence originated from different levels of σ-bond metathesis mediated by neutral versus cationic rhodium species.
•Young adults are sensitive to the reducibility of uncertainty during belief updating.•Updating processes are quasi-optimal and valence-dependent.•Neural responses in frontoparietal regions show ...valence-dependent recruitments.•Valence asymmetry at behavioral and neural levels is correlated.
Selective use of new information is crucial for adaptive decision-making. Combining a gamble bidding task with assessing cortical responses using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), we investigated potential effects of information valence on behavioral and neural processes of belief and value updating during uncertainty reduction in young adults. By modeling changes in the participants’ expressed subjective values using a Bayesian model, we dissociated processes of (i) updating beliefs about statistical properties of the gamble, (ii) updating values of a gamble based on new information about its winning probabilities, as well as (iii) expectancy violation. The results showed that participants used new information to update their beliefs and values about the gambles in a quasi-optimal manner, as reflected in the selective updating only in situations with reducible uncertainty. Furthermore, their updating was valence-dependent: information indicating an increase in winning probability was underweighted, whereas information about a decrease in winning probability was updated in good agreement with predictions of the Bayesian decision theory. Results of model-based and moderation analyses showed that this valence-dependent asymmetry was associated with a distinct contribution of expectancy violation, besides belief updating, to value updating after experiencing new positive information regarding winning probabilities. In line with the behavioral results, we replicated previous findings showing involvements of frontoparietal brain regions in the different components of updating. Furthermore, this study provided novel results suggesting a valence-dependent recruitment of brain regions. Individuals with stronger oxyhemoglobin responses during value updating was more in line with predictions of the Bayesian model while integrating new information that indicates an increase in winning probability. Taken together, this study provides first results showing expectancy violation as a contributing factor to sub-optimal valence-dependent updating during uncertainty reduction and suggests limitations of normative Bayesian decision theory.
We report the experimental detection of bulk topological invariants in nonunitary discrete-time quantum walks with single photons. The nonunitarity of the quantum dynamics is enforced by periodically ...performing partial measurements on the polarization of the walker photon, which effectively introduces loss to the dynamics. The topological invariant of the nonunitary quantum walk is manifested in the quantized average displacement of the walker, which is probed by monitoring the photon loss. We confirm the topological properties of the system by observing localized edge states at the boundary of regions with different topological invariants. We further demonstrate the robustness of both the topological properties and the measurement scheme of the topological invariants against disorder.
Cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) secretes extracellular vesicle (EV)-encapsulated microRNAs (miRNAs) which have been underlined great promise for therapeutic target for diseases and cancers. Our ...study aimed to explore the role of EV-encapsulated miR-10a-5p from CAFs in angiogenesis in cervical cancer. Expression of miR-10a-5p in clinical samples of cervical cancer and cancer cells was detected by in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR. Results demonstrated that miR-10a-5p expression was upregulated in both cancer tissues and cells. CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) from cervical cancer patient tissues were characterized under transmission electron microscopy, followed by EV isolation from CAFs. The EVs labeled with PKH67 were cultured with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) cell line (SiHa) and HUVECs. Data indicated that CAF-EVs were internalized by cancer cells and promoted cell proliferation and tube formation. CAF-EVs then were transfected with miR-10a-5p inhibitor and then injected into nude mice. While injection of CAF-EVs promoted tumor growth and increased VEGFR and CD31 expression level, miR-10a-5p inhibitor-treated CAF-EVs resulted in decreased tumor volume and amount of vessel around tumor. Of note, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and bioinformatic analysis indicated TBX5 as a target gene of miR-10a-5p. Moreover, EV-derived miR-10a-5p promoted angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro through activation of Hedgehog signaling via downregulation of TBX5. Taken altogether, miR-10a-5p in CAF-EVs promoted CSCC cell angiogenesis and tumorigenicity via activation of Hh signaling by inhibition of TBX5, providing insight into novel treatment based on miR-10a-5p against CSCC.
Evaporation of water from soils is a three-stage process that has great significance in stress development in exposed geotechnical structures, generation of dusts that can cause environmental ...pollution and respiratory ailments, and dereliction of land by generating drought conditions. In this study, the factors that influence water evaporation from soil have been divided into two categories: external, referring to atmospheric conditions and interior, covering surficial soil characteristics and water content conditions. Particularly, five different sets of laboratory based evaporation tests were performed using cylindrical (150 mm diameter and 7–28 mm height) samples of clayey soil mixed with quartzite sands (three grainsize ranges: 0.2–0.5 mm, 0.5–1.0 mm, and 2.0–3.0 mm) in weight proportions ranging from 0% to 50% to evaluate the effects of soil texture, mineralogy and initial compactive state on its free water evaporation process at room temperature (20–22 °C) and relative humidity (50 ± 2%) conditions. The evaporation tests were performed using mass loss measurements on soil samples to an accuracy of 0.01 g. Findings show that in the first stage of soil drying, water content decreases continuously with time while the ratio of actual to potential evaporation, Ea/Ep stays mostly stable. During the falling rate stage, both water content and Ea/Ep decrease significantly. However, the water content varies but not significantly due to the low value of residual evaporation rate in the residual evaporation stage. Soil with lower sand content starts the falling rate stage at higher water content: 32.52% at added sand proportions of 0% versus 21.87%, 20.65%, 20.45%, 20.26% and 18.34% at added sand proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% respectively. Larger soil sample thicknesses accelerate water evaporation rate and extend the constant evaporation rate stage. Soil particle size was not found to have significant impact on evaporation rate on per unit weight of added soil basis. The evaporation rate increases in direct proportionality to increase in initial water content and dry density.
•Soil characteristics influences moisture evaporation significantly.•Larger soil thicknesses accelerate water evaporation rate.•Higher sand mix proportions lead to larger evaporation rate.•The effect of mixed sand grain size on evaporation is insignificant.•The evaporation rate significantly depends on soil initial compactive state.
Gene therapy aimed at malignant gliomas has shown limited success to date due in part to the inability of conventional gene vectors to achieve widespread and specific gene transfer throughout the ...highly disseminated tumor zone within the brain. Herein, cationic micelles assembled from vitamin E succinate-grafted -polylysine (VES-g-PL) polymers were first exploited to condense TRAIL plasmids (pDNA). Thereafter, the condensed pDNA was further encapsulated into liposomes camouflaged with tumor cellular membrane. The condensed pDNA was successfully encapsulated into the inner aqueous compartments of the liposomes instead of the surface, which was proved based on the TEM morphology and decreased cytotoxicity toward HUVEC and PC-12 cells. Moreover, glioma cell membrane (CM) was easily inlaid into the lipid layer of the pDNA-loaded liposomes to form T@VP-MCL, as shown
via
TEM, AFM, and SDS-PAGE analysis. T@VP-MCL exhibited good particle size stability at strong ion strength and effectively protected pDNA from DNase I induced degradation. Owing to the CM-associated proteins, T@VP-MCL specifically targeted not only ICAM-1 overexpressed in glioma RBMECs but also homogenous glioma cells. Moreover,
in vivo
imaging showed that T@VP-MCL was effectively located in orthotopic gliomas of rats after intravenous administration, resulting in effective tumor growth inhibition, prolonging the lives of the rats. The mechanism of T@VP-MCL traversing the BBB was highly associated with the down-regulation of the tight junction-associated proteins ZO-1 and claudin-5. Conclusively, T@VP-MCL designed herein may be a potential carrier for therapeutic genes.
Herein, tumor cellular membrane camouflaged liposomes as the non-invasive vehicle of gene could not only specifically target the homologous glioma but also effectively traverse the blood brain barrier.
Water nucleophilic attack (WNA) on high-valent terminal Mn-oxo species is proposed for O–O bond formation in natural and artificial water oxidation. Herein, we report an electrocatalytic water ...oxidation reaction with MnIII tris(pentafluorophenyl)corrole (1) in propylene carbonate (PC). O2 was generated at the MnV/IV potential with hydroxide, but a more anodic potential was required to evolve O2 with only water. With a synthetic MnV(O) complex of 1, a second-order rate constant, k 2(OH–), of 7.4 × 103 M–1 s–1 was determined in the reaction of the MnV(O) complex of 1 with hydroxide, whereas its reaction with water occurred much more slowly with a k 2(H2O) value of 4.4 × 10–3 M–1 s–1. This large reactivity difference of MnV(O) with hydroxide and water is consistent with different electrocatalytic behaviors of 1 with these two substrates. Significantly, during the electrolysis of 1 with water, a MnIV-peroxo species was identified with various spectroscopic methods, including UV–vis, electron paramagnetic resonance, and infrared spectroscopy. Isotope-labeling experiments confirmed that both O atoms of this peroxo species are derived from water, suggesting the involvement of the WNA mechanism in water oxidation by a Mn complex. Density functional theory calculations suggested that the nucleophilic attack of hydroxide on MnV(O) and also WNA to 1e–-oxidized MnV(O) are feasibly involved in the catalytic cycles but that direct WNA to MnV(O) is not likely to be the main O–O bond formation pathway in the electrocatalytic water oxidation by 1.
Interleukin (IL)-10, an immune-regulatory cytokine, exerts various biological functions through interaction with IL-10 receptors. In teleost, very limited functional studies on IL-10 receptors have ...been documented. In this study, we reported the expression patterns of IL-10 receptor 1 (CsIL-10R1) and receptor 2 (CsIL-10R2) of tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and examined their biological properties. The expression of CsIL-10R1 and CsIL-10R2 occurred in multiple tissues and were regulated by bacterial challenge. In vitro binding studies showed that recombinant extracellular region of CsIL-10R1 (rCsIL-10R1ex) rather than rCsIL-10R2ex could bind with rCsIL-10. Cellular study showed that both CsIL-10R1 and CsIL-10R2 were expressed on peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs), and blockade of CsIL-10R1 or CsIL-10R2 by antibody could reduce inhibitory effect of CsIL-10 on ROS production of PBLs. When injected in vivo, anti-rCsIL-10R1 or anti-rCsIL-10R2 antibody dramatically promoted the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and suppressed bacterial dissemination in tongue sole tissues. Consistently, the overexpression of CsIL-10R1 or CsIL-10R2 significantly enhanced bacterial dissemination, and the overexpression of CsIL-10R1M bearing STAT3 site mutation reduced bacterial dissemination. Overall, these results demonstrate for the first time teleost IL-10 receptors play a negative role in antibacterial immunity and add insight into the function of CsIL-10 receptors.
•Expressions of CsIL-10 receptors were found in multiple tissues and upregulated or downregulated by bacterial infection.•CsIL-10 receptors were expressed on PBLs, CsIL-10R1 instead of CsIL-10R2 directly bound with CsIL-10.•Blocking CsIL-10 receptors markedly reduced the inhibitory effect of CsIL-10 on ROS production of PBL.•Blocking CsIL-10 receptors markedly promoted the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and suppressed bacterial infection.
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