This research article focuses on the significance of Workplace Civility, defined as the respectful and courteous behavior exhibited by individuals toward their colleagues in the workplace. The ...primary objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review and a meta-analysis that synthesizes existing research by: (1) identifying operational definitions of the construct, (2) underlying the strongest correlations with other variables, (3) summarizing the effective strategies for promoting Workplace Civility, and (4) highlighting gaps in the literature, using the theory-characteristics-context-methodology (TCCM) framework. Multiple databases were meticulously searched, yielding 691 results, and ultimately 51 documents were included in the systematic review final sample following the application of predefined exclusion criteria. Then, a meta-analysis has been conducted including those studies with sufficient statistical data (
k
= 24) which allowed us to calculate 45 Effect Sizes. The review findings expose a notable dearth of research on Workplace Civility when compared to studies on incivility. This dearth highlights the pressing need for additional research endeavors to precisely define Workplace Civility, establish a robust theoretical framework, and develop reliable scales for its measurement. Related to the desirable correlates, organizational commitment, job satisfaction and mental health showed a high ES value, and for undesirable correlates, intention to quit showed a high ES value, while Emotional exhaustion only reached a medium ES value and physical symptoms showed a low ES value. Importantly, this study emphasizes that fostering civility in the workplace can yield significant benefits such as improved physical and mental well-being for workers, reduced burnout, and absenteeism rates. Thus, the promotion of civility in the workplace not only leads to healthier organizations but also enhances cost-efficiency, effectively averting the loss of both human and economic capital.
Oxygen evolution and reduction reactions are fundamental processes in biological energy conversion schemes, which represent an attractive method for artificial energy conversion for a world still ...largely depending on fossil fuels. A range of metalloenzymes achieve these challenging tasks in biology by activating water and dioxygen using cheap and abundant transition metals, such as iron, copper, and manganese. High-valent metal-oxo/oxyl, metal-superoxo, and/or metal-(hydro)peroxo species are common reactive intermediates that are found in the O-O bond formation and activation reactions. The transient nature of the metal-oxygen intermediates has, however, prevented their isolation and characterization in most cases. As a consequence, unambiguous mechanistic assignments in the O-O bond formation and cleavage processes in biological and chemical entries remain elusive, especially for the intermediates and mechanisms involved in the O-O bond formation reactions. This viewpoint article aims at summarizing the information obtained to date in enzymatic and biomimetic systems that fuels the debate regarding the nature of the active oxidants and the mechanistic uncertainties associated with the transition metal-mediated O-O bond formation and cleavage reactions.
O-O bond formation and activation reactions proceed
via
multi-step reactions in chemistry and biology and involve similar reactive intermediates like metal-oxo/oxyl, metal-superoxo, and/or metal-(hydro)peroxo species.
Bulk–boundary correspondence, a guiding principle in topological matter, relates robust edge states to bulk topological invariants. Its validity, however, has so far been established only in closed ...systems. Recent theoretical studies indicate that this principle requires fundamental revisions for a wide range of open systems with effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. Therein, the intriguing localization of nominal bulk states at boundaries, known as the non-Hermitian skin effect, suggests a non-Bloch band theory in which non-Bloch topological invariants are defined in generalized Brillouin zones, leading to a general bulk–boundary correspondence beyond the conventional framework. Here, we experimentally observe this fundamental non-Hermitian bulk–boundary correspondence in discrete-time non-unitary quantum-walk dynamics of single photons. We demonstrate pronounced photon localizations near boundaries even in the absence of topological edge states, thus confirming the non-Hermitian skin effect. Facilitated by our experimental scheme of edge-state reconstruction, we directly measure topological edge states, which are in excellent agreement with the non-Bloch topological invariants. Our work unequivocally establishes the non-Hermitian bulk–boundary correspondence as a general principle underlying non-Hermitian topological systems and paves the way for a complete understanding of topological matter in open systems.Measurements of non-Hermitian photon dynamics show boundary-localized bulk eigenstates given by the non-Hermitian skin effect. A fundamental revision of the bulk–boundary correspondence in open systems is required to understand the underlying physics.
Nature uses Fe porphyrin sites for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Synthetic Fe porphyrins have been extensively studied as ORR catalysts, but activity improvement is required. On the other ...hand, Fe porphyrins have been rarely shown to be efficient for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). We herein report an enzyme‐inspired Fe porphyrin 1 as an efficient catalyst for both ORR and OER. Complex 1, which bears a tethered imidazole for Fe binding, beats imidazole‐free analogue 2, with an anodic shift of ORR half‐wave potential by 160 mV and a decrease of OER overpotential by 150 mV to get the benchmark current density at 10 mA cm−2. Theoretical studies suggested that hydroxide attack to a formal FeV=O form the O−O bond. The axial imidazole can prevent the formation of trans HO‐FeV=O, which is less effective to form O−O bond with hydroxide. As a practical demonstration, we assembled rechargeable Zn‐air battery with 1, which shows equal performance to that with Pt/Ir‐based materials.
An enzyme‐inspired Fe porphyrin with a tethered imidazole is synthesized and beats its imidazole‐free analogue for electrocatalytic ORR and OER. By presenting state‐of‐the‐art molecular catalytic features, Zn‐air batteries with this Fe porphyrin show equal performance to batteries with Pt/C‐Ir/C. This work underlines unique benefits and promising applications of molecular electrocatalysis in new energy conversion technologies.
Proton transfer is vital for many biological and chemical reactions. Hydrogen‐bonded water‐containing networks are often found in enzymes to assist proton transfer, but similar strategy has been ...rarely presented by synthetic catalysts. We herein report the Co corrole 1 with an appended crown ether unit and its boosted activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Crystallographic and 1H NMR studies proved that the crown ether of 1 can grab water via hydrogen bonds. By using protic acids as proton sources, the HER activity of 1 was largely boosted with added water, while the activity of crown‐ether‐free analogues showed very small enhancement. Inhibition studies by adding 1) external 18‐crown‐6‐ether to extract water molecules and 2) potassium ion or N‐benzyl‐n‐butylamine to block the crown ether of 1 further confirmed its critical role in assisting proton transfer via grabbed water molecules. This work presents a synthetic example to boost HER through water‐containing networks.
A cobalt corrole with an appended crown ether unit was designed and synthesized to model water‐network‐assisted proton transfer as found in metalloproteins. Experimental and theoretical studies confirmed that the crown ether unit of this cobalt corrole can grab water molecules through hydrogen bond interactions and the established water network plays vital roles in assisting proton transfer, leading to significantly boosted electrocatalytic HER activity.
Two Pt single‐atom catalysts (SACs) of Pt‐GDY1 and Pt‐GDY2 were prepared on graphdiyne (GDY)supports. The isolated Pt atoms are dispersed on GDY through the coordination interactions between Pt atoms ...and alkynyl C atoms in GDY, with the formation of five‐coordinated C1‐Pt‐Cl4 species in Pt‐GDY1 and four‐coordinated C2‐Pt‐Cl2 species in Pt‐GDY2. Pt‐GDY2 shows exceptionally high catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), with a mass activity up to 3.3 and 26.9 times more active than Pt‐GDY1 and the state‐of‐the‐art commercial Pt/C catalysts, respectively. Pt‐GDY2 possesses higher total unoccupied density of states of Pt 5d orbital and close to zero value of Gibbs free energy of the hydrogen adsorption (|ΔGPtH*
|) at the Pt active sites, which are responsible for its excellent catalytic performance. This work can help better understand the structure–catalytic activity relationship in Pt SACs.
All by their selves: Two Pt single‐atom catalysts, anchored on the support of graphdiyne with tuned coordination environments, were developed. Their structure–catalytic performance relationship for hydrogen evolution were investigated.
Reported herein is asymmetric 3+2 annulation of arylnitrones with different classes of alkynes catalyzed by chiral rhodium(III) complexes, with the nitrone acting as an electrophilic directing group. ...Three classes of chiral indenes/indenones have been effectively constructed, depending on the nature of the substrates. The coupling system features mild reaction conditions, excellent enantioselectivity, and high atom‐economy. In particular, the coupling of N‐benzylnitrones and different classes of sterically hindered alkynes afforded C−C or C−N atropochiral pentatomic biaryls with a C‐centered point‐chirality in excellent enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity (45 examples, average 95.6 % ee). These chiral center and axis are disposed in a distal fashion and they are constructed via two distinct migratory insertions that are stereo‐determining and are under catalyst control.
Rhodium‐catalyzed C−H activation of nitrones and coupling with different classes of sterically hindered alkynes afforded C−C or C−N atropochiral and C‐centered point‐chiral indenes in excellent enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity. The chiral center and axis are disposed in a distal fashion, and they are constructed via two uncorrelated stereo‐determining steps.
The design and synthesis of efficient metal‐free photoelectrocatalysts for water splitting are of great significance, as nonmetal elements are generally earth abundant and environment friendly. As a ...typical metal‐free semiconductor, g‐C3N4 has received much attention in the field of photocatalytic water splitting. However, the poor photoinduced hole mobility of g‐C3N4 restrains its catalytic performance. Herein, for the first time, graphdiyne (GDY) is used to interact with g‐C3N4 to construct a metal‐free 2D/2D heterojunction of g‐C3N4/GDY as an efficient photoelectrocatalyst for water splitting. The g‐C3N4/GDY photocathode exhibits enhanced photocarriers separation due to excellent hole transfer nature of graphdiyne and the structure of 2D/2D heterojunction of g‐C3N4/GDY, realizing a sevenfold increase in electron life time (610 μs) compared to that of g‐C3N4 (88 μs), and a threefold increase in photocurrent density (−98 μA cm−2) compared to that of g‐C3N4 photocathode (−32 μA cm−2) at a potential of 0 V versus normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) in neutral aqueous solution. The photoelectrocatalytic performance can be further improved by fabricating Pt@g‐C3N4/GDY, which displays an photocurrent of −133 μA cm−2 at a potential of 0 V versus NHE in neutral aqueous solution. This work provides a new strategy for the design of efficient metal‐free photoelectrocatalysts for water splitting.
A metal‐free 2D/2D heterojunction of graphitic carbon nitride/graphdiyne on a 3D graphdiyne nanosheet array (g‐C3N4/GDY) is constructed for improving the hole transfer kinetics of g‐C3N4, in which g‐C3N4/GDY shows much higher photoelectron catalytic performance for water splitting than g‐C3N4 due to the high hole transfer rate in graphdiyne and ultrathin 2D/2D heterojunction of g‐C3N4/GDY.
We report chiral RhIII cyclopentadienyl‐catalyzed enantioselective synthesis of lactams and isochromenes through oxidative 4+1 and 5+1 annulation, respectively, between arenes and 1,3‐enynes. The ...reaction proceeds through a C−H activation, alkenyl‐to‐allyl rearrangement, and a nucleophilic cyclization cascade. The mechanisms of the 4+1 annulations were elucidated by a combination of experimental and computational methods. DFT studies indicated that, following the C−H activation and alkyne insertion, a RhIII alkenyl intermediate undergoes δ‐hydrogen elimination of the allylic C−H via a six‐membered ring transition state to produce a RhIII enallene hydride intermediate. Subsequent hydride insertion and allyl rearrangement affords several rhodium(III) allyl intermediates, and a rare RhIII η4 ene‐allyl species with π‐agostic interaction undergoes SN2′‐type external attack by the nitrogen nucleophile, instead of C−N reductive elimination, as the stereodetermining step.
RhIII‐catalyzed 4+1 and 5+1 annulation of N‐methoxy benzamides and 1,3‐cyclohexanediones with 1,3‐enynes has been realized for the enantioselective synthesis of lactams and isochromenes, respectively. DFT studies suggest an unusual pathway of alkenyl‐to‐allyl rearrangment and SN2′‐type allylic substitution for the 4+1 annulation system.
To meet the requirement of big data era and neuromorphic computations, nonvolatile memory with fast speed, high density, and low power consumption is urgently needed. As an emerging technology, ...phase‐change memory is a promising candidate to solve this problem. However, the drawback of the high power consumption hinders their applications. Most recently, a new phase‐change material of (GeTe)x/(Sb2Te3)yn superlattice attracts intensive attentions owing to its ultralow power consumption comparing with conventional phase‐change memory devices. Many studies on this new material have been reported. However, there still lacks a comprehensive and unified understanding of its atomic picture and working mechanism. This article at first summarizes the broad applications for phase‐change materials. Then, the major progresses of phase‐change superlattices to understand the microscopic structure and working principles for data storage are discussed. Strategies on material optimizations to further enhance device performances are proposed. Finally, an outlook on new applications with these advanced superlattice materials is suggested.
The phase‐change superlattice is an advanced functional material that is suitable for nonvolatile memory with ultralow power consumption, high density, and fast speed. It is a promising candidate for the big data and artificial‐intelligence applications. The major progresses in the field are reviewed including its microscopic picture, working principles, and optimizations. Outlooks on its future development and applications are proposed.
PDF
