Immune⁃related diseases in neurosurgery CHEN, Lei; Xue⁃jun YANG
Zhongguo xian dai shen jing ji bing za zhi,
01/2020, Letnik:
20, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Some primary or secondary diseases of the central nervous system are closely related tohuman immune system. Autoimmune diseases such as multiple Takayasu arteritis (MTA) can causeintracranial ...vascular lesions. The disorder of autoimmune system can cause limbic encephalitis (LE) andautoimmune hypophysitis (AH). Patients with immunodeficiency disease are prone to opportunisticinfections of the nervous system and malignant lymphoma. At present, the pathogenesis of many immune⁃related diseases in neurosurgery are not clear, and there is a lack of "golden standard" for diagnosis. Someimmune⁃related diseases in neurosurgery, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy andparaneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS), have low incidence and high clinical misdiagnosis rate. Mostof the immune⁃related diseases in neurosurgery have their own characteristics in terms of pathophysiology,clinical and imaging feature, etc. Understanding these characteristics will be of great help to the diagnosisand differential
Glioblastoma is one of the most intractable malignant tumors in human beings. Even if the patients received comprehensive treatment including the maximum surgical resection, postoperative concurrent ...chemoradiotherapy and sequential chemotherapy, the median survival time of patients was only 14.6 months. In recent years, researchers have found that medium frequency electric field with extremely low⁃intensity can rapidly destroy the dividing tumor cells, and named it as tumor ⁃treating fields (TTF). Clinical trials also showed the TTF can significantly improve the quality of life, prolong progression free survival period and the overall survival of patients with glioblastoma. In the past decade, TTF is the only proven treatment that can prolong the survival period and expected to rewrite the tumor treatment modality. In this article, the basic experiments, theoretical models and clinical trials of TTF will be reviewed.
Maximize the extent of tumor removal while maximize the preservation of neurological function is the goal of brain tumor surgery. Therefore, brain eloquent functional area mapping of both cortical ...and subcortical level is the most important procedure during operation. As a new method of noninvasive brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) shows its value in neuroscience. Combining with neuronavigation, navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) can localize functional cortices in both brain tumor patients and healthy volunteers noninvasively and accurately. With the help of neuroanatomical structure and brain functional imaging information fusion, nTMS can localize motor cortex and language related cortex preoperatively and provide reliable connection information of subcortical fiber tracts during surgery. nTMS can also monitor and evaluate function recovery level and brain plasticity patterns post⁃operation, while further improve patients' outcome and quality of life and reduce post
Glioma is the most common primary central nervous system malignancy, which is a fatal and poorly prognostic tumor. Recent years, basic research, clinical diagnosis and treatment as well as various ...clinical trials related to glioma have been emerged. This article mainly explains the possible changes in the fifth edition of WHO Central Nervous System Tumor Classification and summarizes both the achievements and shortcomings in the development of the glioma diagnosis and treatment standard in China and also elaborates that the Glioblastoma Multiforme Adaptive Global Innovative Learning Environment (GBM AGILE), a new clinical trial system, plays a positive role in the development of the China's precision medical strategy and the pharmaceutical industry driven by scientific and technological innovation.
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure by estrogens. Although it is well documented that a disruption of ERα signaling in ERα knockout ...(ERKO) mice leads to an obese phenotype, the sites of estrogen action and mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still largely unknown. In the present study, we exploited RNA interference mediated by adeno-associated viral vectors to achieve focused silencing of ERα in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, a key center of energy homeostasis. After suppression of ERα expression in this nucleus, female mice and rats developed a phenotype characteristic for metabolic syndrome and marked by obesity, hyperphagia, impaired tolerance to glucose, and reduced energy expenditure. This phenotype persisted despite normal ERα levels elsewhere in the brain. Although an increase in food intake preceded weight gain, our data suggest that a leading factor of obesity in this model is likely a decline in energy expenditure with all three major constituents being affected, including voluntary activity, basal metabolic rate, and diet-induced thermogenesis. Together, these findings indicate that ERα in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus neurons plays an essential role in the control of energy balance and the maintenance of normal body weight.
In this paper, we propose a distributed control approach for flocking and group maneuvering of nonholonomic agents, with constrained kinematic properties commonly found in practical systems, such as ...fixed‐wing unmanned aerial vehicles. Flocking of agents with differential drive kinematics is addressed by introducing a virtual leader–follower mechanism into the Olfati‐Saber's algorithm, which is originally proposed for holonomic agents with double integrator kinematics. Then, group maneuverability of the flock is achieved by superimposing a group motion onto each agent's flocking motion. Moreover, it is proven that speed limits are intrinsically guaranteed by the approach, which renders it more applicable in practical systems. Experimental results in MATLAB and Gazebo, a popular robotic simulator, are presented to evaluate the performance and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
We propose a distributed control approach for flocking and group maneuvering of nonholonomic agents, with constrained kinematic properties commonly found in practical systems. It is proven that speed limits are intrinsically guaranteed by the approach. Experimental results in MATLAB and Gazebo robotics simulator show the effectiveness of the approach.
In this report, a series of polycations are designed and synthesized by conjugating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive thioacetal-linkers to low molecular weight (LMW) polyethylenimine (PEI) ...via ring-opening polymerization. Their structure⁻activity relationships (SARs) as gene delivery vectors are systematically studied. Although the MWs of the target polymers are only ~9 KDa, they show good DNA binding ability. The formed polyplexes, which are stable toward serum but decomposed under ROS-conditions, have appropriate sizes (180~300 nm) and positive zeta-potentials (+35~50 mV). In vitro experiments reveal that these materials have low cytotoxicity, and higher transfection efficiency (TE) than controls. Furthermore, the title polymers exhibit excellent serum tolerance. With the present of 10% serum, the TE of the polymers even increases up to 10 times higher than 25 KDa PEI and 9 times higher than Lipofectamine 2000. The SAR studies also reveal that electron-withdrawing groups on the aromatic ring in
may benefit to balance between the DNA condensation and release for efficient gene transfection.
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