Xunzi Xunzi; Hutton, Eric L
2014., 20141005, 2014, 2015-01-01
eBook
This is the first complete, one-volume English translation of the ancient Chinese textXunzi, one of the most extensive, sophisticated, and elegant works in the tradition of Confucian thought. Through ...essays, poetry, dialogues, and anecdotes, theXunziarticulates a Confucian perspective on ethics, politics, warfare, language, psychology, human nature, ritual, and music, among other topics. Aimed at general readers and students of Chinese thought, Eric Hutton's translation makes the full text of this important work more accessible in English than ever before.
Named for its purported author, theXunzi(literally, "Master Xun") has long been neglected compared to works such as theAnalectsof Confucius and theMencius. Yet interest in theXunzihas grown in recent decades, and the text presents a much more systematic vision of the Confucian ideal than the fragmented sayings of Confucius and Mencius. In one famous, explicit contrast to them, theXunziargues that human nature is bad. However, it also allows that people can become good through rituals and institutions established by earlier sages. Indeed, the main purpose of theXunziis to urge people to become as good as possible, both for their own sakes and for the sake of peace and order in the world.
In this edition, key terms are consistently translated to aid understanding and line numbers are provided for easy reference. Other features include a concise introduction, a timeline of early Chinese history, a list of important names and terms, cross-references, brief explanatory notes, a bibliography, and an index.
Lumbar hernia is a rare lateral abdominal wall hernia. Various surgical repair strategies have been recorded, but there is currently no unified standard. A Chinese surgeon recently revealed a novel ...technique for treating primary lumbar hernia called retroperitoneal totally endoscopic prosthetic repair (R-TEP). We have made a further exploration of this method and successfully used it in the treatment of secondary lumbar hernia. We successfully performed R-TEP on three patients with lumbar hernias. All patients were female with an average age of 64 years (51-71 years). Two patients each had a primary upper lumbar hernia, while one patient had a secondary lumbar hernia. With a mean operative time of 77 min (60-105 min), all operations were performed successfully. The average visual analogue scale (VAS) was 1.3 points (1-2 points) on the second day following surgery. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.3 days (2-3 days). No postoperative complications occurred. During a mean follow-up period of 19 months (10-24 months), there was no recurrence of the hernia, chronic pain or mesh infection. Therefore, R-TEP is safe and effective for both primary and secondary lumbar hernia. Anti-adhesive coated meshes are not required, making this a cost-effective procedure that is worthy of recommendation.
Background
Steroids are a leading cause of femoral head osteonecrosis. Currently there are no medications available to prevent and/or treat steroid-associated osteonecrosis. Low-intensity pulsed ...ultrasound (LIPUS) was approved by the FDA for treating delayed union of bone fractures. Some studies have reported that LIPUS can enhance bone formation and local blood flow in an animal model of fracture healing. However, whether the effect of osteogenesis and neovascularization by LIPUS can enhance the repair progress in steroid-associated osteonecrosis is unknown.
Questions/purposes
We hypothesized that LIPUS may facilitate osteogenesis and neovascularization in the reparative processes of steroid-associated osteonecrosis. Using a rabbit animal model, we asked whether LIPUS affects (1) bone strength and trabecular architecture; (2) blood vessel number and diameter; and (3) BMP-2 and VEGF expression.
Methods
Bilateral femoral head necrosis was induced by lipopolysaccharide and methylprednisolone in 24 rabbits. The left femoral heads of rabbits received LIPUS therapy (200 mW/cm
2
) for 20 minutes daily and were classified as the LIPUS group. The right femoral heads of the same rabbits did not receive therapy and were classified as the control group. All rabbits were euthanized 12 weeks after LIPUS therapy. Micro-CT, biomechanical testing, histologic evaluation, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blot were used for examination of the effects of LIPUS.
Results
Twelve weeks after LIPUS treatment, the loading strength in the control group was 355 ± 38 N (95% CI, 315–394 N), which was lower (p = 0.028) than that in the LIPUS group (441 ± 78 N; 95% CI, 359–524 N). The bone tissue volume density (bone volume/total volume) in the LIPUS group (49.29% ± 12.37%; 95 % CI, 36.31%–62.27%) was higher (p = 0.022) than that in the control group (37.93% ± 8.37%; 95 % CI, 29.15%–46.72%). The percentage of empty osteocyte lacunae in the LIPUS group (17% ± 4%; 95% CI, 15%–20%) was lower (p = 0.002) than that in the control group (26% ± 9%; 95% CI, 21%–32%). The mineral apposition rate (μm/day) in the LIPUS group (2.3 ± 0.8 μm/day; 95% CI, 1.8 2.8 μm/day) was higher (p = 0.001) than that in the control group (1.6 ± 0.3 μm/day; 95% CL, 1.4–1.8 μm/day). The number of blood vessels in the LIPUS group (7.8 ± 3.6/mm
2
; 95% CI, 5.5–10.1 mm
2
) was greater (p = 0.025) than the number in the control group (5.7 ± 2.6/mm
2
; 95% CI, 4.0–7.3 mm
2
). Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of BMP-2 in the LIPUS group (75 ± 7, 95% CI, 70–79; and 30 ± 3, 95% CI, 28–31) were higher (both p < 0.001) than those in the control groups (46 ± 5, 95% CI, 43–49; and 15 ± 2, 95% CI, 14–16). However, there were no differences (p = 0.114 and 0.124) in mRNA and protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor between the control (26 ± 3, 95% CI, 24–28; and 22 ± 6, 95% CI, 18–26) and LIPUS groups (28 ± 2, 95% CI, 26–29; and 23 ± 6, 95% CI, 19–27).
Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that LIPUS promotes osteogenesis and neovascularization, thus promoting bone repair in this steroid-associated osteonecrosis model.
Clinical Relevance
LIPUS may be a promising modality for the treatment of early-stage steroid-associated osteonecrosis. Further research, including clinical trials to determine whether LIPUS has a therapeutic effect on patients with early-onset steroid-associated osteonecrosis may be warranted.
Primary adhesive capsulitis is mainly characterized by spontaneous chronic shoulder pain and the gradual loss of shoulder motion. The main treatment for adhesive capsulitis is a trial of conservative ...therapies, including analgesia, exercise, physiotherapy, oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammation drugs, and intra-articular corticosteroid injections. Previously, it was reported that intra-articular corticosteroid lead to fast pain relief and improvement of range of motion (ROM). The objective of this study was to determine whether corticosteroid injections would lead to better pain relief and greater improvement in ROM.
We searched PubMed, Medline, and the Cochrane library. We included 5 articles of the 1166 articles identified. Totally injection group included 115 patients and placebo group included 110 patients. We calculated the weighted mean differences to evaluate the pain relief as the primary outcome. We determined the ROM as the secondary outcome. Study quality was evaluated using the 12-item scale. We also used the criteria of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation to evaluate the quality of evidence.
In total, 5 studies were included, 4 of which were randomized clinical trials, with a sample size of 225 patients with adhesive capsulitis of the shoulders. The overall pooled data demonstrated that, compared with placebo as control treatment, intra-articular corticosteroid injections were more effective in reducing the pain score at 0 to 8 weeks, but there was no difference between the injection group and the control group at 9 to 24 weeks. Improvement of ROM in the injection group was greater than that of the control group both at 0 to 8 and 9 to 24 weeks.
Intra-articular corticosteroid injections were more effective in pain relief in the short term, but this pain relief did not sustain in the long term. Intra-articular corticosteroid injection resulted in greater improvement in passive ROM both in the short and the long terms.
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), which has been previously reported to promote bone repair, is proposed to be a noninvasive form of therapy for the treatment of osteonecrosis. Bone fillers ...made from composite scaffolds have been demonstrated to be effective for preventing bone defects such as osteonecrosis. The present study aimed to investigate whether the application of LIPUS combined with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-loaded poly-L-lactic acid/polylactic-co-glycolic acid/poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PLLA/PLGA/PCL) composite scaffolds can improve recovery in a rat model of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). BMP-2-loaded PLGA microspheres incorporated into PLLA/PLGA/PCL composite scaffolds were constructed. Bilateral femoral head LIPUS intervention was conducted in rats with steroid-induced ONFH. LIPUS intervention alone contributed to the alleviation of osteonecrosis, in addition to improving load-carrying capacity and accelerated bone formation, angiogenesis and differentiation. Subsequently, femoral head parameters and assessment of load-carrying capacity, bone formation-related factors, and angiogenesis- and differentiation-related factors were measured in rats with or without implanted BMP-2-loaded PLLA/PLGA/PCL composite scaffolds. LIPUS combined with the implantation of PLLA/PLGA/PCL composite scaffolds loaded with BMP-2 microspheres protected rats against steroid-induced ONFH and improved load-carrying capacity, bone formation, angiogenesis and differentiation. Together, these data support the use of BMP-2-loaded PLLA/PLGA/PCL composite scaffolds combined with LIPUS for ONFH as a potential alternative curative solution for treating bone diseases. Key words: steroid-induced osteonecrosis, osteonecrosis of femoral head, bone morphogenetic protein 2, polylactic-co-glycolic acid microspheres, poly-L-lactic acid/polylactic-co-glycolic acid/poly-ecaprolactone composite scaffold
Osteoarthritis is a worldwide joint disease caused by abnormal chondrocytic metabolism. However, traditional therapeutic methods aimed at anti-inflammation for early-stage disease are palliative. In ...the present study, we demonstrated that cepharanthine (CEP), extracted from the plant
Stephania cepharantha
, exerted protective medicinal efficacy on osteoarthritis for the first time. In our
in vitro
study, CEP suppressed the elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (ADAMTS5) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) stimulated by IL-1β or TNF-α by inhibiting the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, and upregulated the protein expression of aggrecan, collagen II, and Sox9. Also, CEP could reverse the reduced level of cellular autophagy in IL-1β or TNF-α–induced chondrocytes, indicating that the protective effect of CEP on osteoarthritis was achieved by restoring MAPK/NF-κB-mediated autophagy. Furthermore, in a murine OA model, CEP mitigated cartilage degradation and prevented osteoarthritis in the CEP-treated groups versus the OA group. Hence, our results revealed the therapeutic prospect of CEP for anti-osteoarthritic treatment.
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