We report the phenomenon whereby the electron spin resonance signal of human nails intensify after irradiation. Forty nail samples from three donors were divided into three groups (X-ray irradiated, ...γ-ray irradiated, and control). The extent of signal intensified after irradiation was proportional to the given dose under 11% humidity at 20 °C. This result seemed to contradict previous studies, reporting signal fading. Based on literature and our experimental results, we constructed a model taking both the decay and increase into consideration. Our investigation revealed that rapid deterioration in the signal intensity obscured the increase at humidity levels exceeding 40%.
Macrophage recognition and phagocytosis of crystals is critical for the associated fibrosis and cancer. Of note, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), the highly representative products of ...nanotechnology, induce macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cause asbestosis-like pathogenesis. However, it remains largely unknown how macrophages efficiently recognize MWCNTs on their cell surfaces. Here, we identify by a targeted screening of phagocyte receptors the phosphatidylserine receptors T cell immunoglobulin mucin 4 (Tim4) and Tim1 as the pattern-recognition receptors for carbon crystals. Docking simulation studies reveal spatiotemporally stable interfaces between aromatic residues in the extracellular IgV domain of Tim4 and one-dimensional carbon crystals. Further, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of Tim4 and Tim1 reveals that Tim4, but not Tim1, critically contributes to the recognition of MWCNTs by peritoneal macrophages and to granuloma development in a mouse model of direct mesothelium exposure to MWCNTs. These results suggest that Tim4 recognizes MWCNTs through aromatic interactions and mediates phagocytosis leading to granulomas.
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•Tim4 and Tim1 recognize carbon nanomaterials including MWCNTs•Aromatic-aromatic interactions stabilize the direct binding of Tim4 to MWCNTs•Tim4 is involved in MWCNT recognition by macrophages•Tim4-mediated phagocytosis of MWCNTs leads to granuloma formation
Needle-like multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are engulfed by macrophages, which cause inflammation and asbestosis-like pathogenesis in rodents; however, how macrophages recognize MWCNTs remains unclear. Omori et al. demonstrate that Tim4 recognizes MWCNTs through aromatic-aromatic interactions and mediates macrophage phagocytosis leading to granulomas.
Trogocytosis is an active process whereby plasma membrane proteins are transferred from one cell to the other cell in a cell-cell contact-dependent manner. Since the discovery of the intercellular ...transfer of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the 1970s, trogocytosis of MHC molecules between various immune cells has been frequently observed. For instance, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) acquire MHC class I (MHCI) from allografts, tumors, and virally infected cells, and these APCs are subsequently able to prime CD8+ T cells without antigen processing via the preformed antigen-MHCI complexes, in a process called cross-dressing. T cells also acquire MHC molecules from APCs or other target cells via the immunological synapse formed at the cell-cell contact area, and this phenomenon impacts T cell activation. Compared with naïve and effector T cells, T regulatory cells have increased trogocytosis activity in order to remove MHC class II and costimulatory molecules from APCs, resulting in the induction of tolerance. Accumulating evidence suggests that trogocytosis shapes T cell functions in cancer, transplantation, and during microbial infections. In this review, we focus on T cell trogocytosis and the related inflammatory diseases.
IntroductionThe Kawaguchi City Public Health Center (PHC) conducted training sessions focusing on infection control practices on multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) for 19 hospitals and eight ...affiliated clinics (AFs) with beds in June 2022. Issues with infection control programs were identified via a survey implemented following the training sessions. These included providing feedback on infection control policies for MDROs, hand hygiene compliance programs (HHCPs), environmental cleaning (EC), and training sessions programs that hospitals or AFs with beds (hospitals) intended to implement in the future or develop (to be developed). We planned to examine whether the PHC training sessions programs have an effect on the development of hospital infection control programs designed to address these issues. The purpose of this study is to clarify the training session program provided by the Kawaguchi City PHC, which was effective in developing hospital infection control programs based on the results of the survey conducted after the training session.MethodsIn June 2023, a second training session that offered information on infection control practices was completed for 30 hospitals. This was followed by sending a questionnaire. We examined infection control programs to be developed and analyzed associations with the first learned information by training session (the first learned information).ResultsTwenty-four hospitals responded to the survey with a response rate of 80.0%. Half the respondents (12, 50.0%) had prepared for the infection control policy on carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), 11 hospitals (45.8%) had provided feedback on HHC, and four (16.7%) planned to conduct feedback on HHC. HHCPs were planned to be developed by 19 hospitals (79.2%), EC by five hospitals (20.8%), training session by 12 hospitals (50.0%), and screening of MDROs upon hospital admission (AS) by nine hospitals (37.5%).The first learned information, “the prevention of healthcare-associated infections and cost savings by implementing cleaning bundles (the effects of cleaning bundles),” was identified by 10 hospitals (41.7%), and “specific programs on providing feedback effective for developing hand hygiene compliance (specific feedback)” was learned by eight hospitals (33.3%).The first learned information regarding specific feedback was significantly associated with HHCPs to be developed (p = 0.044). The first learned information on the effects of cleaning bundles was significantly associated with HHCPs and HHC feedback to be developed (p = 0.023, 0.034). The training session programs were not significantly connected to EC, training session, or AS to be developed.ConclusionsInfection control programs to be developed were linked to the provision of information on numerical effects by implementing specific feedback and cleaning bundles. We suggest that the PHC should develop infection control programs for the hospitals and provide training sessions, including numerical effects.
Introduction The study conducted by the Kawaguchi City Public Health Center (PHC) in 2023 on hospital infection control (IC) programs revealed that hospitals can improve their IC programs if the PHC ...provides training sessions (TSs) that have numerical effects. In this study, we expected that we could help hospitals develop their IC practices by providing targeted guidance. This study aimed to clarify targeted guidance on IC practices and TS programs to develop hospitals'hospitals' IC programs on multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) by examining hospitals'hospitals' IC programs in reference to the study conducted in 2023 and other case reports. Methods In June 2022, the Kawaguchi City PHC conducted TSs for 19 hospitals and eight affiliated (AFs) clinics with beds, providing guidelines and practices on infection control (IC) for MDROs. After the TSs, we sent a questionnaire to these hospitals and affiliated clinics. The questionnaire inquired about current and planned IC policies, hand hygiene compliance programs (HHCPs), the usefulness of the TSs conducted by the PHC, and IC programs that the facilities intended to implement or develop in the future. This study examined the relationship between the perceived usefulness of the information provided and the IC programs planned for development, referencing a study conducted in 2023 and other case reports. Results Seventeen hospitals and six AFs with beds responded to the survey, yielding an 85.2% response rate. IC policies for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were prepared by 21 hospitals (91.3%), whereas only five hospitals (21.7%) had prepared IC policies for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Regarding HHCPs, an increase in the availability of alcohol-based hand sanitizer was identified by 17 hospitals (73.9%), while 13 hospitals (56.5%) reported using posters or symbols, 12 hospitals (52.2%) reported using TS and hand sanitizers, and nine hospitals (39.1%) assessed HH compliance and provided feedback. Furthermore, nine hospitals (39.1%) identified HHCPs and Environmental Cleaning (EC) for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) as useful information. There was a statistically significant association between TSs on HHCPs and the development of new HHCPs (p = 0.027). Additionally, information on EC for CPE was significantly associated with the development of staff cohorting strategies (p = 0.007). However, TS programs were not significantly connected to EC, nor were TSs to be developed. Conclusion The PHC should advise hospitals to assess if their HHCPs effectively contribute to improving HH compliance. It is essential for the PHC to furnish hospitals with resources and information that aid in the development of EC training. Additionally, the PHC should support the creation of specific and effective TS programs focused on EC or TS development. Conducting surveys to identify barriers to implementing staff cohorting strategies is also recommended. We propose that TS programs should include quantifiable data on HHCPs and EC, such as.
This paper provides a broad overview of the regulatory framework on medical radiation safety and current medical radiation protection issues such as diagnostic reference levels, shielding ...calculations for X-ray facilities, accidental excessive emissions of gaseous 18F, security of radioactive sources, and induced radioactivity in Japan, and discusses the impact from the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster regarding risk communication issues. The Fukushima nuclear disaster has had an inevitable impact on issues related to protection from medical radiation. However by taking this situation, communication activations on radiation are being accelerated in certain initiatives utilizing quantitative risk expression on the premise of seeking fairness for risk allocation to the society.
The study aimed to verify the impact of our clinical strategy, which emphasizes patient‐centered care, based on patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) results in hemodialysis patients. We ...developed our original PROM (comprising 20 items) to assess patients' symptom burden. To confirm the validity of our clinical pattern, we performed various analyses using PROM data. We retrospectively enrolled 383 individuals (mean age 66.3 years; 252 men), collected their PROM data in December 2013, and followed them up for 3 years. We noted a lower mortality rate and a lower prevalence of itching in our facilities than in previous surveys and reports in Japan. Furthermore, we observed that the severity of symptom burden affected medium‐term prognosis. This is the first study to report the results of patient‐centered medical practice utilizing PROMs in dialysis care. Careful attention should be paid to patients' symptom burden, as performed in objective data management.
Objectives: The study examined the public health policies implemented after the Fukushima nuclear accident using the monitoring data on food.Methods: The amount of radioactive material ingested was ...determined and converted into doses using the Japan National Health and Nutrition Survey and food radioactive concentration monitoring data sampled by each prefecture in June of each year between 2011 and 2019. The study also examined the effects of public health policies on the basis of the differences between (1) calculation using all food monitoring data in the absence of interventions and (2) application of the restriction.Results: In June 2011, the median committed effective dose for adult males was estimated at 18.3 μSv (with regulation) in Fukushima Prefecture. The effect of food restriction was 42.2% for the population for intaking foods with median radiation dose (the median population) in Fukushima in 2011.Conclusion: The effect of food restriction was 42.2% for the median population in Fukushima in 2011, which points to the effectiveness of public health mitigations.
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