According to the Marxist interpretation still dominant in Japanese studies, the last century and a half of the Tokugawa period was a time of economic and demographic stagnation. Professors Hanley and ...Yamamura argue that a more satisfactory explanation can be provided within the framework of modem economic theory, and they advance and test three important new hypotheses in this book.
The authors suggest that the Japanese economy grew throughout the Tokugawa period, though slowly by modern standards and unevenly. This growth, they show, tended to exceed the rate of population increase even in the poorer regions, thus raising the living standard despite major famines. Population growth was controlled by a variety of methods, including abortion and infanticide, for the primary purpose of raising the standard of living.
Contrary to the prevailing view of scholars, thus, the conclusions advanced here indicate that the basis for Japan's rapid industrialization in the Meiji period was in many ways already established during the latter part of the Tokugawa period. The authors' analysis combines original fieldwork with study of data based on findings of the postwar years.
Originally published in 1978.
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In the Tokyo metropolitan area of Japan, several minutes of delays often happen during morning rush hour. This is because a massive number of passengers use trains for commuting. Then trains and ...platforms are congested. Above all, once a train delays due to increasing dwell time, the subsequent train has to wait outside a station or slow down if the platform is occupied by the preceding train. This process is repeated over and over again and delays increase more and more. So we had to identify how often or how large delays occur and take delay reduction measures, because it is pointless to blindly carry out delay reduction measures. The measures should be carried out effectively; otherwise investigations and running costs become high. In this paper, we introduce delay reduction measures and indices, which indicate the frequency of delays and the scale of delays.
We calculate the spin-dependent conductance in ferromagnetic metal (FM)/graphene(G)/FM lateral junctions using a numerical simulation and study the effects of roughness and electronic states at the ...FM/G contact on magnetoresistance (MR) in detail. It is shown that the MR ratio can be extremely high in fcc Ni alloy/G/fcc Ni alloy junctions because of a spin-dependent change in the electronic states at the contact. The MR ratio, however, is reduced by introducing roughness into junctions. Conditions for a high MR ratio in FM/G/FM junctions are discussed.
We designed and prepared a micro biosensing system consisting of a flow through system with a sub-micro liter injection valve and a sub-micro liter volume bioreactor. An electrochemical detector was ...combined with the reactor for immediate detections. The volumes of the reactor and the sample loop for the injection were 850
nl and 320
nl, respectively. This paper described about the characteristics of the sensing system in the case of histamine detection for food analysis. Histamine oxidase from KAIT-B-007 was prepared by using a gene recombination technique and they were immobilized with chitosan beads (
ϕ
=
70–105
μm). The detection less than one minute after injection made possible fast analysis for histamine. The biosensing system also showed a high performance for histamine detection in wide range of 1
μM–1
mM. In addition, we practically measured histamine content in raw tuna stored at room temperature and 35
°C up to 96
h. As a result of the comparison between our sensing system and HPLC method, there was good agreement. These results show that our microfluidic biosensing system has the potential to assist miniaturization with small sample volume and short determination time for a sequential food analysis.
Among the flaviviruses, dengue, with its four serotypes, has spread
throughout the tropics. The most advanced vaccines developed so far
include live attenuated viruses, which have been tested in ...humans but
none has been licensed. Preclinical testing of dengue vaccine
candidates is performed initially in mice and in nonhuman primates. In
the latter the main criteria used to assay protection are neutralizing
antibodies elicited by the vaccine candidate and the magnitude and
duration of peripheral viremia upon challenge of previously immunized
animals. Towards the identification of wild-type viruses that could be
used in challenge experiments a total of 31 rhesus monkeys were
inoculated subcutaneously of wild dengue types 1, 2, and 3 viruses. The
viremia caused by the different viruses was variable but it was
possible to identify dengue viruses useful as challenge strains.
Pressure variation of the electrical and structural properties of bismuth-antimony alloy at the composition of x = 0.15 (Bi0.85Sb0.15) has been studied by electrical resistivity and synchrotron ...radiation x-ray diffraction measurements up to 10 GPa. The crystal structure changes from the A7 structure to the incommensurate host-guest composite one at 3 GPa and room temperature. Temperature dependence of the resistivity greatly changes from the semiconducting behaviour to the metallic one associated with the structural phase transition. Pressure-induced superconducting transition of Bi0.85Sb0.15 is observed above 4.5 GPa. The transition temperature Tc is found to decrease from 6.79 GPa at 4.5 GPa to 5.82 K at 9.5 GPa with increasing pressure.
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