•Four different solvents were used to extract Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides (HEPs).•Extraction solvents had significant effects on physicochemical properties of HEPs.•HEP-C extracted with citric ...acid showed stronger bioactivities than HEP-W and HEP-S.•Citric acid can be used in food processing and for the extraction of bioactive PSs.
In this study, hot water, 0.9% NaCl, citric acid, and 1.25 M NaOH/0.05% NaBH4 were separately used for the extraction of water-soluble H. erinaceus polysaccharides (HEPs; HEP-W, HEP-S, HEP-C, and HEP-A) from the fruit body of Hericium erinaceus. The physicochemical properties and biological activities were then investigated and compared. Results showed that the extraction solvents exhibited significant effects on the extraction yields, molecular weights, monosaccharide compositions, preliminary structural characteristics, microstructures of HEPs and on their contents, such as neutral sugar, uronic acid, protein, and β-(1 → 3)-glucan. In vitro antioxidant activity assays indicated that HEP-C extracted with citric acid solution showed stronger scavenging abilities on hydroxyl and DPPH radicals and antioxidant capacities than HEP-W and HEP-S. Moreover, HEP-C exhibited the strongest inhibitory effects on α-glycosidase and α-amylase activities. Therefore, HEP-C extracted with citric acid can be developed as a potential bioactive ingredient for applications in food, medicine, and cosmetics industries.
•Four homogeneous polysaccharides were obtained from Phellinus igniarius mycelia.•The column chromatography, HPSEC–MALLS–RID, GC and FT-IR were performed.•Four purified polysaccharides presented a ...good antitumor activity in vitro.
Water-soluble intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) were extracted from cultured mycelia of Phellinus igniarius. The IPS were purified by ethanol fractional precipitation, ion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography in that order. Homogeneous polysaccharide IPSW-1, IPSW-2, IPSW-3, and IPSW-4 were obtained, which molecular characteristics were examined using multiangle laser-light scattering and refractive index detector system. The average molecular weights of them were 34.1, 17.7, 15.1, 21.7kDa, respectively. GC analysis indicated that IPSW-1, IPSW-2 and IPSW-3 all only contained glucose, while IPSW-4 was composed of rhamnose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a molar ratio of 1.29:1.21:1:43.86:1.86. UV and IR analysis suggested they belonged to α-type of the pyran group and didn’t contain protein. These homogeneous polysaccharides could inhibit the growth of SW480 and HepG2 cells to a certain extent in a dose-dependent manner. So they could be beneficial for the further development of a natural carcinoma preventive agent and functional food.
Phellinus spp. is one of the largest genera of Hymenochaetaceae with approximately 220 species, such as P. vaninii, P. buamii, P. linteus, and P. igniarius, these species are considered as precious ...food supplements and medicinal ingredients in China, Korea, Japan, and other Asian countries for over 2000 years. Phellinus spp. contains abundant bioactive polysaccharides and other key components (e.g., phenolics, terpenes, steroids, etc.). Pharmacological investigations have confirmed that bioactive polysaccharides and other important secondary metabolites from Phellinus spp. possess multiple health-promoting benefits, including antitumor, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. However, comprehensive evaluations on the preparation and structural characteristics, bioactivities, and toxicology of these functional components (e.g., polysaccharides, phenolics, terpenes, steroids) from various Phellinus spp. species are very limited, which may restrict the practical application of Phellinus spp. This review summarizes the physicochemical characteristics, pharmacological activities, and possible mechanisms of bioactive components from Phellinus spp. according to published studies from 2017 to 2022. It also surveyed the toxicological assessment for safety and applications of different Phellinus spp. species. This review aims to provide useful references and promising directions for the comprehensive development and utilization of Phellinus spp. in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.
This work demonstrates a simple and feasible approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in water with a high molecular weight (MW) exopolysaccharide fraction, EPS1 produced by a ...medicinal fungus Cs-HK1. The formation and properties of AgNPs were evaluated at various temperatures, time periods, and silver nitrate/EPS1 concentrations in water. At suitable conditions (100 °C, 60 min and 10 mM AgNO3 with 1.0 mg/mL EPS1), AgNPs were formed with an average diameter of 50 nm and a narrow size distribution, remaining as a stable dispersion for at least 2 months. EPS1 may be acting as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the formation of AgNPs, which were attached to the hydroxyl groups of EPS1. The AgNPs formed in EPS1 solution exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of both Gram-negative and -positive bacteria but a very low cytotoxicity on the RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells. The results demonstrated the feasibility for green synthesis of AgNPs as potential antibacterial agents using natural polysaccharides dissolved in water.
Display omitted
•EPS1 was a water soluble exopolysaccharide produced by a medicinal fungus.•Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were prepared with AgNO3 and EPS1 in water.•Uniform AgNPs were formed with 10 mM AgNO3, 1.0 mg/mL EPS1 at 100 °C.•AgNPs showed significant antibacterial activity and relatively low cytotoxicity.
Excessive exercise without adequate rest can lead to overtraining syndrome, which manifests a series of side effects, including fatigue, gut dysbiosis, and decremental sports performance. Konjac ...glucomannan (KGM) is a plant polysaccharide with numerous health-improving effects, but few studies reported its effects on the gut microbiome, endurance, and strength in an overtraining model. This study assessed the effect of KGM on gut microbiome, endurance, and strength in mice with excessive exercise. Three doses of KGM (1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 mg/mL) were administrated in drinking water to mice during 42 days of a treadmill overtraining program. The results showed that excessive exercise induced a significant microbial shift compared with the control group, while a high dose (5.00 mg/mL) of KGM maintained the microbial composition. The proportion of Sutterella in feces was significantly increased in the excessive exercise group, while the moderate dose (2.50 mg/mL) of KGM dramatically increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and SCFA production in feces. Additionally, the moderate dose and high dose of KGM counteracted the negative effects of excessive exercise on strength or/and endurance (43.14% and 39.94% increase through a moderate dose of KGM, Bonferroni corrected p < 0.05, compared with the excessive exercise group). Therefore, it suggests that KGM could prevent overtraining and improve sports performance in animal models.
SARS-CoV-2 induced marked lymphopenia in severe patients with COVID-19. However, whether lymphocytes are targets of viral infection is yet to be determined, although SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antigen has ...been identified in T cells from patients. Here, we confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 viral antigen could be detected in patient peripheral blood cells (PBCs) or postmortem lung T cells, and the infectious virus could also be detected from viral antigen-positive PBCs. We next prove that SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes, preferably activated CD4 + T cells in vitro. Upon infection, viral RNA, subgenomic RNA, viral protein or viral particle can be detected in the T cells. Furthermore, we show that the infection is spike-ACE2/TMPRSS2-independent through using ACE2 knockdown or receptor blocking experiments. Next, we demonstrate that viral antigen-positive T cells from patient undergone pronounced apoptosis. In vitro infection of T cells induced cell death that is likely in mitochondria ROS-HIF-1a-dependent pathways. Finally, we demonstrated that LFA-1, the protein exclusively expresses in multiple leukocytes, is more likely the entry molecule that mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection in T cells, compared to a list of other known receptors. Collectively, this work confirmed a SARS-CoV-2 infection of T cells, in a spike-ACE2-independent manner, which shed novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-induced lymphopenia in COVID-19 patients.
•Seven polysaccharides (BGPs) are extracted from barley grass at three growth stages.•Different growth stages obviously affected physicochemical properties of these BGPs.•These BGPs had similar ...structural characteristics but different thermal stabilities.•BGP-Z12 and BGP-Z21 obtained at seedling stage showed more excellent bioactivities.
Barley grass polysaccharides (BGPs) are some of the major bioactive constituents of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grass (BG). They exhibit favorable biological activities and health benefits. In this study, seven BGPs were extracted from BG, which was harvested at three different growth stages (e.g., seedling, tillering, and stem elongation), by alkaline-extraction method. Their physicochemical properties, structural characteristics, and biological activities were investigated and compared. Results demonstrated that the extraction yields, chemical compositions, monosaccharide constituents, and molecular weights of the seven BGPs obtained at different growth stages varied obviously. These BGPs had similar preliminary structural characteristics but different microstructures and thermal properties. Furthermore, the BGPs (BGP-Z12 and BGP-Z21) obtained at the seedling stage possessed stronger in vitro antioxidant potentials, cholic acid binding activity, and immunological activity than other BGPs. Therefore, these results indicated that that the seedling stage of BG was the preferable harvest time for preparing highly bioactive BGPs.
Currently, probiotics have received constantly rising scientific attention in the field of public health including healthcare and functional foods developments. Among them, the abundance and ...bioactivity of Bifidobacterium has strongly correlation with human intestinal health through intervention of gut microbiota. As heteroglycan is an indispensable component of diet, it is of great significance to explore its unique metabolic mechanism by Bifidobacterium to promote intestinal function and expand its practical application in healthy foods.
This review covers the recent research frontiers on the utilization mechanism of heteroglycan that interacted with several commercialized Bifidobacterium to human intestinal health, including the general features of carbohydrate metabolism system, the responsible carbohydrate active enzyme families, the bioactive metabolites and their potential functional contributions. The existing limitations and future research fields on Bifidobacterium-heteroglycan interaction are also with integrated discussion.
Increasing evidences support the Bifidobacterium-heteroglycan interaction attribute to the human intestinal health, where the bioactive metabolites are strategic molecules that responsible for the normal intestinal function, pathogen prevention and diseases therapeutics. The different sources of heteroglycans and bifidobacterial strains/species both have dramatical influences on the utilization efficiency and the properties of bioactive metabolites. Considerable efforts will be needed to expand the research on the utilization strategies of heteroglycans from different sources by Bifidobacterium to lay a scientific foundation for a better understanding on the roles of the Bifidobacterium associated with gastrointestinal health under the different carbohydrate intake preferences in diets.
•Bifidobacterium can utilize heteroglycans by complex carbohydrate metabolism system.•Heteroglycan utilization by Bifidobacterium spp. is beneficial to intestinal health.•Heteroglycan-derived metabolites play crucial roles in maintain intestinal function.
In this study, carboxylic curdlans with different carboxylate contents, molecular weights (MWs), and chain conformations (Cur-8, Cur-24, and Cur-48) were developed as hydrophilic coatings for ...hydrophobic zein nanoparticles (ZNPs) to encapsulate curcumin. The results showed that the freshly prepared curcumin-loaded ZNPs (ZC) had spherical structures, a particle size of ~183.0 nm, a zeta potential of +17.7 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 66.7%. The anionic carboxylic curdlan coating on the surface of ZC affected the particulate and physicochemical characteristics of the encapsulated curcumin and effectively improved its water dispersibility, photo- and thermostability, and sustained release behavior in aqueous environments. These properties were correlated with the carboxylate content, MW, and chain conformation of the carboxylic curdlans. The observed improvements were attributed to hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions among curcumin, ZNPs, and carboxylic curdlans. The curcumin encapsulated in the Cur-24-coated ZNPs exhibited stronger antioxidant capacity in vitro than the other samples. Therefore, carboxylic curdlan-coated ZNPs have considerable potential for use in hydrophobic nutraceutical encapsulation.
Carboxylic curdlans with different molecular properties and chain conformations could serve as hydrophilic coatings of hydrophobic zein nanoparticles encapsulating curcumin and resulted in enhanced water dispersibility, photo- and thermo-stability, controlled release ability, and antioxidant activity in vitro. Display omitted
•Carboxylic curdlan (CC)-coated zein nanoparticles were used to encapsulate curcumin.•Molecular properties and conformations of CC affected the encapsulation of curcumin.•Coating enhanced physicochemical and delivery properties of the entrapped curcumin.•Hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions were main driving forces.•CC-coated zein nanoparticles served as desirable vectors for hydrophobic nutrients.
While tremendous progress has recently been made in perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs), large‐area blue devices feature inferior performance due to uneven morphologies and vast defects in the ...solution‐processed perovskite films. To alleviate these issues, a facile and reliable interface engineering scheme is reported for manipulating the crystallization of perovskite films enabled by a multifunctional molecule 2‐amino‐1,3‐propanediol (APDO)‐triggered “anchoring effect” at the grain‐growth interface. Sky‐blue perovskite films with large‐area uniformity and low trap states are obtained, showing the distinctly improved radiative recombination and hole‐transport capability. Based on the APDO‐induced interface engineering, synergistical boost in device performance is achieved for large‐area sky‐blue PeLED (measuring at 100 mm2) with a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 9.2% and a highly prolonged operational lifetime. A decent EQE up to 6.1% is demonstrated for the largest sky‐blue device emitting at 400 mm2.
A facile and effective grain‐growth manipulation scheme enabled by interface “anchoring effect” is proposed for high‐quality sky‐blue perovskite emitter. Remarkable boost in device performance is achieved for large‐scale sky‐blue perovskite LEDs with peak external quantum efficiencies of 9.2% and 6.1% measured at scales of 100 and 400 mm2, respectively.
PDF