Lithium metal batteries (such as lithium–sulfur, lithium–air, solid state batteries with lithium metal anode) are highly considered as promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage systems. ...However, the unstable interfaces between lithium anode and electrolyte definitely induce the undesired and uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites, which results in the short‐circuit and thermal runaway of the rechargeable batteries. Herein, a dual‐layered film is built on a Li metal anode by the immersion of lithium plates into the fluoroethylene carbonate solvent. The ionic conductive film exhibits a compact dual‐layered feature with organic components (ROCO2Li and ROLi) on the top and abundant inorganic components (Li2CO3 and LiF) in the bottom. The dual‐layered interface can protect the Li metal anode from the corrosion of electrolytes and regulate the uniform deposition of Li to achieve a dendrite‐free Li metal anode. This work demonstrates the concept of rational construction of dual‐layered structured interfaces for safe rechargeable batteries through facile surface modification of Li metal anodes. This not only is critically helpful to comprehensively understand the functional mechanism of fluoroethylene carbonate but also affords a facile and efficient method to protect Li metal anodes.
A dual‐layered film is obtained on a Li metal anode by spontaneous chemical reaction between lithium plates and fluoroethylene carbonate solvents. Such film can protect the Li metal anodes from the corrosion of electrolytes and regulate the uniform deposition of Li to achieve a dendrite‐free Li metal anode.
In the past few decades, coronaviruses have risen as a global threat to public health. Currently, the outbreak of coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) from Wuhan caused a worldwide panic. There are no ...specific antiviral therapies for COVID‐19. However, there are agents that were used during the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics. We could learn from SARS and MERS. Lopinavir (LPV) is an effective agent that inhibits the protease activity of coronavirus. In this review, we discuss the literature on the efficacy of LPV in vitro and in vivo, especially in patients with SARS and MERS, so that we might clarify the potential for the use of LPV in patients with COVID‐19.
Highlights
LPV is an effective agent inhibiting coronavirus in vitro and animal studies.
The treatment of LPV improved outcomes of SARS and MERS patients.
LPV may be a potential treatment option for COVID‐19.
A red-emitting phosphor-in-glass (PiG) material was synthesized by dispersing CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ phosphor powders in a ZnO-B2O3-BaO-Al2O3 glass matrix. A fully densified translucent CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ PiG ...material was achieved at 650 °C for 40 min with an external quantum efficiency (QE) of 43%, transmittance of 30% at 640 nm and thermal conductivity of 1.12 Wm−1K−1. The CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ particles were distributed in the glass matrix uniformly, and no serious interfacial reactions occurred between the glass matrix and the contained phosphor particles. Under the excitation of blue laser, the maximum luminous flux of CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ PiG sample is 39 lm at the laser flux density of 0.5 W/mm2. Although luminous saturation was observed at high laser incident density, the PiG material would be a promising red color converter for use in white lighting sources pumped by blue laser diodes.
Red-emitting phosphor-in-glass (PiG) material, where CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ phosphor powders are uniformly distributed in a ZnO-B2O3-BaO-Al2O3 glass matrix, as a promising red color converter for laser lighting and display technologies. Display omitted
•CaAlSiN3:Eu2+ PiG is prepared and discussed for laser lighting technology.•Optical properties of achieved PiG under the blue laser irradiation are clarified.•PiG shows suitability as a red color converter in low incident laser power range.
Although clinical studies have shown promise for targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and ligand (PD-L1) signaling in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the factors that predict which ...subtype patients will be responsive to checkpoint blockade are not fully understood.
We performed an integrated analysis on the multiple-dimensional data types including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and clinical data from cohorts of lung adenocarcinoma public (discovery set) and internal (validation set) database and immunotherapeutic patients. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to determine potentially relevant gene expression signatures between specific subgroups.
We observed that
mutation significantly increased expression of immune checkpoints and activated T-effector and interferon-γ signature. More importantly, the
comutated subgroup manifested exclusive increased expression of PD-L1 and a highest proportion of
Meanwhile,
or
-mutated tumors showed prominently increased mutation burden and specifically enriched in the transversion-high (TH) cohort. Further analysis focused on the potential molecular mechanism revealed that
or
mutation altered a group of genes involved in cell-cycle regulating, DNA replication and damage repair. Finally, immunotherapeutic analysis from public clinical trial and prospective observation in our center were further confirmed that
or
mutation patients, especially those with co-occurring
mutations, showed remarkable clinical benefit to PD-1 inhibitors.
This work provides evidence that
and
mutation in lung adenocarcinoma may be served as a pair of potential predictive factors in guiding anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.
.
Iridium-based electrocatalysts remain the only practical anode catalysts for proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis, due to their excellent stability under acidic oxygen evolution reaction ...(OER), but are greatly limited by their high cost and low reserves. Here, we report a nickel-stabilized, ruthenium dioxide (Ni-RuO
) catalyst, a promising alternative to iridium, with high activity and durability in acidic OER for PEM water electrolysis. While pristine RuO
showed poor acidic OER stability and degraded within a short period of continuous operation, the incorporation of Ni greatly stabilized the RuO
lattice and extended its durability by more than one order of magnitude. When applied to the anode of a PEM water electrolyser, our Ni-RuO
catalyst demonstrated >1,000 h stability under a water-splitting current of 200 mA cm
, suggesting potential for practical applications. Density functional theory studies, coupled with operando differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy analysis, confirmed the adsorbate-evolving mechanism on Ni-RuO
, as well as the critical role of Ni dopants in stabilization of surface Ru and subsurface oxygen for improved OER durability.
Lithium (Li) metal anodes exhibits the potential to enable rechargeable Li batteries with a high energy density. However, the irreversible plating and stripping behaviors of Li metal anodes with high ...reactivity and dendrite growth when matching different cathodes in working cells are not fully understood yet. Herein the working manner of very thin Li metal anodes (50 µm, 10 mAh cm−2) is probed with different sequences of Li plating and stripping at 3.0 mA cm−2 and 3.0 mAh cm−2. Dendrite growth and dead Li forms on the surface of the initially plated Li electrode (P‐Li), while Li dendrites form in the pit of the initially stripped Li electrode (S‐Li). This induces the differences in reactive sites, distribution of dead Li, and voltage polarization of Li metal anodes. There is a gap of 15–20 and 13–16 mV for the end voltages between S‐Li and P‐Li during stripping and plating, respectively. When matching LiFePO4 and FePO4 cathodes, P‐Li | LiFePO4 cells exhibit a 30‐cycle longer lifespan with smaller end polarization due to differences in the sequences of Li plating and stripping. This contribution affords emerging working principles for actual Li metal anodes when matching lithium‐containing and lithium‐free cathodes.
The working manner of Li metal anodes are probed with different sequences of Li plating and stripping at 3.0 mA cm−2 and 3.0 mAh cm−2. There are differences in reactive sites, distribution of dead Li, and voltage polarization. This contribution affords the emerging working principles of Li metal anodes with matching lithium‐containing and lithium‐free cathodes.
Non‐aqueous solvents, in particular N,N‐dimethylaniline (NMP), are widely applied for electrode fabrication since most sodium layered oxide cathode materials are readily damaged by water molecules. ...However, the expensive price and poisonousness of NMP unquestionably increase the cost of preparation and post‐processing. Therefore, developing an intrinsically stable cathode material that can implement the water‐soluble binder to fabricate an electrode is urgent. Herein, a stable nanosheet‐like Mn‐based cathode material is synthesized as a prototype to verify its practical applicability in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). The as‐prepared material displays excellent electrochemical performance and remarkable water stability, and it still maintains a satisfactory performance of 79.6% capacity retention after 500 cycles even after water treatment. The in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrates that the synthesized material shows an absolute solid‐solution reaction mechanism and near‐zero‐strain. Moreover, the electrochemical performance of the electrode fabricated with a water‐soluble binder shows excellent long‐cycling stability (67.9% capacity retention after 500 cycles). This work may offer new insights into the rational design of marvelous water stability cathode materials for practical SIBs.
An intrinsic stable layered oxide cathode material with absolute solid‐solution reaction, near‐zero‐strain, and marvelous water stability is designed for demonstrating the feasibility of fabricating an electrode with a water‐soluble binder. The electrode using a water‐soluble binder exhibits comparable electrochemical performance to that fabricated with an organic‐solution binder. This work will inspire the exploration of highly water‐stable sodium layered oxide cathode materials.
Nanostructured carbon materials with high porosity and desired chemical functionalities are of immense interest because of their wide application potentials in catalysis, environment, and energy ...storage. Herein, a top‐down templating strategy is presented for the facile synthesis of functional porous carbons, based on the direct carbonization of diverse organic precursors with commercially available metal oxide powders. During the carbonization, the metal oxide powders can evolve into nanoparticles that serve as in situ templates to introduce nanopores in carbons. The porosity and heteroatom doping of the prepared carbon materials can be engineered by varying the organic precursors and/or the metal oxides. It is further demonstrated that the top‐down templating strategy is applicable to prepare carbon‐based single‐atom catalysts with iron‐nitrogen sites, which exhibit a high power density of 545 mW cm−2 in a H2–air proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
A top‐down templating strategy is developed for facile engineering of heteroatom‐doped carbons and single‐atom catalysts, which is based on carbonizing a mixture of metal oxides and organic precursors. The resulting single‐atom catalyst exhibits a peak power density of 545 mW cm−2 in H2–air fuel cell testing, illustrating a considerable promise of this method for affording advanced functional carbon materials.
Sign inversions of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) for the hydro5helicene and 5helicene derivatives were discovered and studied experimentally and theoretically. The inverted CPL signs from ...the hydro5helicene to 5helicene derivatives were realized by one-step oxidation. The introduction of triphenylamine (TPA) subunits into the helical skeletons also led to the sign inversion of CPL only when there existed an enhanced intramolecular charge-transfer state with a small enough
E
gap
.
Sign inversions of CPL by fine-tuning operations on structures of helical compounds were realized by one step-oxidation or TPA-modification.
Deceptive pollination is key to the species richness of Orchidaceae. However, the genetic basis of species diversification is still under study. Section Trigonopedia is a monophyletic clade of genus ...Cypripedium distributed in the southwest of China. The species of this section are pollinated by different flies. Pollinator differentiation makes section Trigonopedia an ideal group for studying the genetic basis underlying species diversification. Here, we sequenced the transcriptomes of eight species of the genus Cypripedium, including six co-flowering species of section Trigonopedia and two species outside this section as an outgroup. We reconstructed the phylogeny of the section with the combined 1572 single-copy genes extracted from the eight species and produced a highly resolved tree of the section. Furthermore, we combined substitution rate estimation and differential expression analysis to identify candidate genes, including genes related to floral scent synthesis and environmental adaptation, involved in species differentiation. Field investigations showed that these species have adapted to different habitats. We propose that the species diversification in this section is initiated by floral scent differentiation, followed by habitat differentiation, finally leading to speciation. This study sheds novel light on the diversification of closely related orchid species in the Qinghai-Tibetan region.
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