Abstract Background Patient–physician mistrust has become deeply embedded in medical clinics within a wide variety of settings, including many in China. The purpose of this research was to develop a ...series of actionable policy recommendations to rebuild patient–physician trust in China. Methods Our interdisciplinary group included experts in medicine, public health, philosophy, ethics, law, regulation, China studies, anthropology, sociology, and communications. Recommendations were identified by team members and presented at a two-day workshop at the Harvard Center, Shanghai, China. The group divided into three teams (medical education, ethics and law, and healthcare systems) in order to revise and finalise the recommendations. Findings We identified a total of 18 recommendations focused on medical schools, ethical guidance, legal systems, and health systems to rebuild patient-physician trust. Medical education recommendations included a requirement for medical humanities as a core component, promotion of experiential learning and community–medical school partnerships, and improvement of evaluation of medical humanities education. Ethical and legal recommendations included encouragement of more transparency in doctor practices and the healthcare system, creating laws to promote mandatory medical error reporting, and acceleration of the development of neutral procedures for recording and resolving medical disputes. Healthcare systems recommendations included promoting healthcare systems that facilitate and acknowledge caregiving, transitioning from red packets (gifts to physicians) and towards higher physician salaries, strengthening primary healthcare systems, and establishment of non-punitive systems for error reporting in hospitals. Interpretation Several educational, legal, ethical, and healthcare system reforms to rebuild patient–physician trust are feasible. Our recommendations go beyond the healthcare sector alone, suggesting that policy responses within education, legal, and ethical norms are also critical. The presence of mistrust should not be misconstrued as an errant medical system, but rather as an opportunity and a responsibility to rebuild patient–physician trust. Our recommendations are relevant within the Chinese context and in other transitioning healthcare systems. Funding Harvard China Fund and the China Medical Board
Drawing on data collected from longitudinal fieldwork, this article explores how the practice of bridewealth in a north China village has been transformed into a new form of property division within ...the groom's family and how the bride has replaced her parents as the recipient of bridewealth. At the individual level, this transformation has evolved through a long process during which individual brides and grooms negotiated with their parents over control of bridewealth. A misunderstanding about Western individualism provides village youths with a new ideological tool to justify their relentless extraction of money from their parents. At the level of family life, the changing norm of bridewealth has shaped and in turn has helped to re-shape mate choice, family division, and support for the elderly. These family changes occurred within the context of other social changes at the macro level and are closely linked to the role of the powerful state. While emphasizing the active role of the individual in transforming the practice of bridewealth, an important phenomenon that by and large has been overlooked in most studies of marriage transactions, the article also examines the specific strategies by which individuals exercise their agency, choosing to take advantage of the custom of bridewealth instead of abandoning it when it affords them greater autonomy in mate choice and marriage negotiations. / À partir de données obtenues par un travail de terrain longitudinal dans un village du nord de la Chine, l'auteur étudie la transformation de la pratique du bridewealth en une nouvelle forme de division des biens au sein de la famille de l'époux, et analyse la manière dont l'épouse est désormais bénéficiaire de ce « prix de la fiancée » en lieu et place de ses parents. Au niveau individuel, cette transformation est le fruit d'une longue évolution qui a vu les époux négocier chacun avec ses parents le contrôle du bridewealth. Les jeunes villageois trouvent dans une interprétation erronée de l'individualisme occidental un nouvel argument idéologique pour justifier leurs incessantes ponctions financières sur leurs parents. Au niveau de la vie familiale, ce changement de comportement a contribué à réorienter le choix du conjoint, la division des familles et le soutien aux anciens. Ces évolutions de la famille se sont déroulées dans un contexte de changements macro-sociaux et sont étroitement liées à l'emprise de l'État. Tout en soulignant le rôle actif des individus dans la transformation de la pratique du bridewealth, largement sous-estimé par les études sur les transactions matrimoniales, l'auteur se penche aussi sur les stratégies spécifiques par lesquelles ils exercent leur pouvoir d'agent en profitant de la coutume au lieu de l'abandonner, puisqu'elle leur apporte une plus grande autonomie dans le choix de leur conjoint et les négociations matrimoniales.
This essay focuses on the issue of immorality, an issue that has largely been understudied in anthropology. It examines two types of immoral behavior in contemporary Chinese society, drawing on cases ...widely agreed upon by ordinary people to be morally wrong. Next, it analyzes moral experiences and moral sentiments among individuals who either were victims of immoral acts or recalled their own feelings of being immoral. Ethnographic evidence shows that immorality tends to be intuitive and emotional in actual social actions but in recollections of moral experiences it is reflected upon with rational reasoning and justification. Immorality is essentially the violation of the social, which may explain why ordinary people use immorality to define and defend their social behavior in everyday life. The recent emphasis on moral reasoning and ethical choice in anthropological studies of moralities has overlooked the social in the moral as well as the role of moral sentiments and intuitions in social actions.
Late Early Paleozoic mafic-ultramafic dykes and volcanic rocks from the South Qinling belt are characterized by eNd( t ) = +3.28―+5.02, (87Sr/86Sr)i＝0.70341―0.70555, (206Pb/204Pb)i = 17.256―18.993, ...(207Pb/204Pb)i= 15.505―15.642, (208Pb/204Pb)i=37.125―38.968, △8/4=21.18―774.43, △7/4＝8.11―18.82. These charac- teristics suggest that they derived from a Middle Neoproterozoic mantle with isotopic compositions of mixed HIMU, EMII and minor EMI components. We interpret that these rocks were melting products of depleted mantle modified by subducted ancient oceanic crust and continental margin sediments along the northern margin of Yangtze block during Early Neoproterozoic.
This article reveals that in response to the dramatic social changes since the 1949 revolution, Chinese rural families have undergone a process of profound transformation, which I refer to as the ..."individualization of the family." This transformation took place at two interlocking yet differing domains: the family as a social institution and the family as a process of individual experiences, that is, the lived experience of family life. While the individualization of the family institution is mostly reflected in the weakening of the bonds between the family and the larger kinship/community organization, the individualization of family life manifests itself through the disembedment of the individual from previously all-encompassing social ties, especially that of the patriarchal order. In the first section, I review the institutional changes in family structure and size. Next, I examine the rising importance of the individual in family life and how it in turn transforms the family as an institution. In the last section, I discuss the new challenges that the more individualized family faces in the larger context of China's transition toward a more open, mobile, and modern society.
Unless otherwise noted, all translations are mine.
Neo-familism and the State in contemporary China Yan, Yunxiang
Urban anthropology and studies of cultural systems and world economic development,
10/2017, Letnik:
47, Številka:
3/4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Drawing on ethnographic evidence from my longitudinal fieldwork, recent surveys on family values, and secondary data from media reports and other sources, the present study aims to, first, ...conceptualize the emergent centrality of the family and the associated new changes since the 1990s in terms of neo-familism and, second, to assess the role of the Chinese state in contributing to and regulating the neo-familism. The article starts with a contour of the Chinese neo-familism, noting its similarities with and differences from the traditional familism, and then examines the four main features of neo-familism in social practice. The third section discusses the role of the Chines state in rise of neo-familism in the larger context of the individualization of Chinese society. The article ends with a brief discussion on the potentials of neo-familism as a new approach to study the family, especially in better understanding the centrality of individual agency and improvisatory aspects of family life in an increasingly precarious, insecure and competitive Chinese society.
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•Nitrogen-doped carbocatalysts with high N-doping level (23.26 at%) were prepared.•Dual active sites enabled ultra-fast and efficient removal of SMX.•1O2 and DET, as the main active ...species, leaded a dual non-radical pathway.•The role of active sites in NDC20/PMS system was clarified by EPR and DFT calculation.•The mechanism of PMS activation and SMX degradation was revealed.
It’s a win–win strategy to treat organic wastewater by activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) with nitrogen-doped carbocatalysts derived from solid waste. However, the preparation of carbocatalysts with a high nitrogen content is still tricky. Herein, enriched nitrogen-doped carbon (NDC20) with dual active sites derived from expired drugs (999 cold medicine) was developed to improve PMS activation and ultra-fast sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation. NDC20 with high N-doping level (23.26 at %) adjusted the charge distribution of the catalyst surface, resulting in an excellent catalytic activation of PMS. Remarkably, the NDC20/PMS system fully eliminated SMX within 2 min (kobs = 4.912 min−1), which was higher than all previously reported N-doped carbon catalysts. Quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments verified that the main mechanism involved a dual nonradical pathway involving singlet oxygen (1O2) and direct electron transfer (DET). Combined with theoretical calculations and in situ FTIR spectra, the exclusive role of dual active sites (pyridinic N/pyrrolic N and electron-deficient carbon atoms) was identified. An unanticipated generation pathway of 1O2 involving electrons acquisition by dissolved oxygen to form a superoxide radical (O2·-) and PMS oxidation over electron-deficient carbon atoms was revealed. Moreover, the possible pathways of SMX degradation were proposed, and the toxicity of the intermediates was anticipated. Finally, the practical application experiments demonstrated the sustainability of the catalytic activity of NDC20, which completely removed SMX after 100 h. This work provides a neoteric idea for synthesizing high-level N-doped carbocatalysts and solid waste treatment, and deepens the mechanistic understanding of PMS activation over high-level N-doped carbocatalysts.
A novel, to the best of our knowledge, type of compact pH fiber sensor combined with a hydrogel based on the whispering gallery mode (WGM) is proposed and integrates a liquid crystal (LC) ...microdroplet in a capillary in a compact structure as small as 180 µm. In the research, the hydrogel performs both as a supporting frame and a responsive material that causes morphological deformation of the LC microdroplet with pH variation. Moreover, a new phenomenon of pH-induced LC refractive index variation is observed and applied in the pH measurement, so that the acid itself can also lead the LC microdroplet structure transition. Thus, the WGM method is applied to detect the composite effect simultaneously to improve the sensing capability. The sensitivity of the sensor in the pH range from 4.55 to 6.86 reaches 3.19 nm/pH. The response time is short, within 60 s. The simple and compact structure of the sensor reduces the cost and enhances the stability, which is of great potential for biomedical pH measurement.
In the process of acquiring astronomical spectral data, the alignment accuracy between the fiber core in the focal plane and the image of the target star is crucial for multi-target telescopes. This ...work presents a Special-shaped Micro-lens Aimer for Real-time Targeting (SMART), which combines a special-shaped microlens and a fiber bundle to carry out online alignments and improve the injection efficiency of the fiber. The special-shaped microlens consists of a central plate and six side microlenses. The central plate transfers the signal to the science fiber without focal ratio degradation. The side microlenses focus the leakage light to the feedback fibers and return a misalignment signal. The experiment in the laboratory indicates that the SMART-T system can visually demonstrate the recognition of offsets. The SMART-P system is able to realize the alignment for a variety of seeing cases. Under the condition that the diameter of turbulent star image is 0.2 mm, the corrected injection efficiency is improved to 99.7% of the best injection efficiency of the science fiber. The re-centering accuracy is 0.01 mm.
