The Ichinomegata maar, located in the back‐arc side of the northeastern Japan arc, erupted calc‐alkaline andesitic magma with abundant deep‐crustal and mantle xenoliths at about 60–80 ka. We ...investigated the relationship between fractionated solids and differentiated silicic melts at middle to lower crust conditions through petrologic analyses of hornblende‐bearing cumulate xenoliths and melt inclusions. The Sr and Nd isotope compositions are similar to those of the host magmas, suggesting their cognate origin. The crystallization sequence is determined to be olivine, spinel → clinopyroxene → hornblende, magnetite → plagioclase → apatite, based on the observation of texture and solid solution compositions. Of the five types of xenolith studied, the leuco‐hornblende gabbro preserved interstitial glass and melt inclusions with a silica content (SiO2) of 63.9–74.0 wt % and high water content (up to 8.1 wt %). Hornblende geobarometry indicates an equilibrium pressure of 0.39–0.64 GPa, which corresponds to a depth of 15–24 km. The delay of plagioclase crystallization due to high water content characterizes differentiation of the hydrous arc magma. We successfully constructed an internally consistent differentiation model of the corundum‐normative calc‐alkaline trend to the silicic melt inclusions, starting from primitive basalt via successive fractionation of a calculated wherlite and cumulate xenoliths. In middle to late stage differentiation, hornblende gabbros are the dominantly fractionated assemblages. Our results are consistent with published differentiation experiments of hydrous arc magmas and the lithology of the deep crust beneath the back arc of the NE Japan arc as estimated from seismic tomography.
Key Points
Crystallization order were determined for a series of mid to hornblende bearing cumulate xenoliths from Ichinomegata maar (NE Japan arc)
Corundum‐normative calc‐alkaline suite was reproduced by fractionation of the xenoliths, supporting experiments at lower crustal pressure
Melt inclusions in the cumulate contain < 8.1 wt % H2O, supporting the presence of super hydrous melt inferred from magnetotelluric survey
•A reciprocating linear actuator driven by plankton has been developed.•The actuator uses the nature of anti-phototaxis of a plankton – Artemia.•A direct kinetic energy extraction from the ecosystem ...has realized.•An optical and an electronic mechanisms were examined experimentally.•A round-trip travel time of 69.3s was obtained for 4mm actuation.
This study focuses on the development of a reciprocating linear actuator driven by plankton. The actuator consists of a straight channel groove in a base plate and a small float with a fin for channel separation. On both sides of the separated channel, plankton freely swims. When the channel is alternatively illuminated by light sources installed at both ends, the plankton escape from the light because of their anti-phototaxis and collide against the fin, resulting in actuation of the float. As an experimental example of plankton, matured Artemia sallina (brine shrimp) was used because of its anti-phototaxis nature, as well as its suitable physical size and the breeding convenience. Because of the small driving capacity of the float, two types of reciprocating mechanisms without mechanical load were designed and examined. One type has an optical switching system that is a combination of the shade on the float and optical fibers arranged along the channel. This system drives the float according to the switching of the light; however, a dead point exists where the brightness of the illumination becomes equal. The other type is based on an electronic switching system using photo-interrupters and a flip-flop, enabling continuous reciprocation. An average float speed of 0.21mm/s and a driving force of 0.537mN per plankton were obtained in an experiment using 15 Artemia adults. An average round-trip travel time of 69.3s was obtained for the linear reciprocation. Thus, the possibility of a plankton-driven mechanism is demonstrated, although further research on fatigue and habituation of the plankton is required.
CsI calorimeter for the J-PARC KOTO experiment Sato, K.; Lee, J.W.; Banno, S. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
12/2020, Letnik:
982, Številka:
C
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
An electromagnetic calorimeter made of undoped CsI crystals is used in the J-PARC KOTO experiment to search for new physics beyond the standard model with the KL→π0νν̄ decay. The calorimeter is ...designed to operate in vacuum of 0.1 Pa and in a high-rate environment where the counting rate due to KL decays is O(100) kHz. A special method to calibrate the calorimeter during the data taking without using a tracking system for charged particles is reported. The energy, position, and timing resolutions of the calorimeter were evaluated in several beam tests, and the resolutions satisfy the required performance. The energy resolution with the total energy E is 0.66⊕1.81∕EGeV% in the inner region of the calorimeter.
We searched for the CP-violating rare decay of the neutral kaon, KL→π0νν¯, in data from the first 100 hours of physics running in 2013 of the J-PARC KOTO experiment. One candidate event was observed ...while 0.34±0.16 background events were expected. We set an upper limit of 5.1×10−8 for the branching fraction at the 90% confidence level (C.L.). An upper limit of 3.7×10−8 at the 90% C.L. for the KL→π0X0 decay was also set for the first time, where X0 is an invisible particle with a mass of 135 MeV/c2.
The KOTO (
$K^0$
at Tokai) experiment aims to observe the CP-violating rare decay
$K_L \rightarrow \pi ^0 \nu \bar {\nu }$
by using a long-lived neutral-kaon beam produced by the 30 GeV proton beam ...at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex. The
$K_L$
flux is an essential parameter for the measurement of the branching fraction. Three
$K_L$
neutral decay modes,
$K_L \rightarrow 3\pi ^0$
,
$K_L \rightarrow 2\pi ^0$
, and
$K_L \rightarrow 2\gamma $
, were used to measure the
$K_L$
flux in the beam line in the 2013 KOTO engineering run. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the detector acceptance for these decays. Agreement was found between the simulation model and the experimental data, and the remaining systematic uncertainty was estimated at the 1.4% level. The
$K_L$
flux was measured as
$(4.183 \pm 0.017_{{\rm stat.}} \pm 0.059_{{\rm sys.}}) \times 10^7$
$K_L$
per
$2\times 10^{14}$
protons on a 66-mm-long Au target.
Internalization of antibodies into mammalian cells is a useful method for analyzing and regulating cellular function. In this study, we developed a novel method for the delivery of antibodies into ...cells using the TAT-fused protein. This fusion protein consists of two functional domains, the protein transduction domain of HIV-1 TAT and the B domain of staphylococcal protein A (SpA), which has an ability to bind to the IgG. The TAT–SpA fusion protein was mixed with fluorescence-labeled rabbit IgG and added to cells. The internalization of antibody was analyzed using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry in living cells. As a result, fluorescence-labeled IgG with the TAT–SpA fusion protein was observed intracellularly. Flow cytometry results demonstrated time course and dose dependence relationships of antibody internalization. These results suggest that the TAT–SpA fusion protein can be a useful reagent for the delivery of antibody into cells.
Most attempts to realize an olfactory display have involved capturing and synthesizing the odor, processes that still pose many challenging problems. These difficulties are mainly due to the ...mechanism of human olfaction, in which a set of so-called "primary odors" has not been found. Instead, we focus on spatio-temporal control of odor rather than synthesizing odor itself. Many existing interactive olfactory displays simply diffuse the scent into the air, which does not provide the ability of spatio-temporal control of olfaction. Recently, however, several researchers have developed olfactory displays that inject scented air under the nose through tubes. On the analogy of visual displays, these systems correspond to head-mounted displays (HMD). These yield a solid way to achieve spatio-temporal control of olfactory space, but they require the user to wear something on his or her face. Here, we propose an unencumbering olfactory display that does not require the user to attach anything on the face. It works by projecting a clump of scented air from a location near the user's nose through free space. We also aim to display a scent to the restricted space around a specific user's nose, rather than scattering scented air by simply diffusing it into the atmosphere. To implement this concept, we used an "air cannon" that generates toroidal vortices of the scented air. We conducted a preliminary experiment to examine this method's ability to display scent to a restricted space. The results show that we could successfully display incense to the target user. Next, we constructed prototype systems. We could successfully bring the scented air to a specific user by tracking the nose position of the user and controlling the orientation of the air cannon to the user's nose.