3D organic–inorganic and all‐inorganic lead halide perovskites have been intensively pursued for resistive switching memories in recent years. Unfortunately, instability and lead toxicity are two ...foremost challenges for their large‐scale commercial applications. Dimensional reduction and composition engineering are effective means to overcome these challenges. Herein, low‐dimensional inorganic lead‐free Cs3Bi2I9 and CsBi3I10 perovskite‐like films are exploited for resistive switching memory applications. Both devices demonstrate stable switching with ultrahigh on/off ratios (≈106), ultralow operation voltages (as low as 0.12 V), and self‐compliance characteristics. 0D Cs3Bi2I9‐based device shows better retention time and larger reset voltage than the 2D CsBi3I10‐based device. Multilevel resistive switching behavior is also observed by modulating the current compliance, contributing to the device tunability. The resistive switching mechanism is hinged on the formation and rupture of conductive filaments of halide vacancies in the perovskite films, which is correlated with the formation of AgIx layers at the electrode/perovskite interface. This study enriches the library of switching materials with all‐inorganic lead‐free halide perovskites and offers new insights on tuning the operation of solution‐processed memory devices.
Instability and lead toxicity are two important challenges for the application of 3D lead halide perovskites in resistive switching memories. Dimensional reduction and composition engineering are effective means to overcome these challenges. Herein, low‐dimensional lead‐free inorganic Cs3Bi2I9 and CsBi3I10‐based devices exhibit stable switching with ultrahigh On/Off ratios (≈106) and ultralow operation voltages (as low as 0.12 V).
Enantioenriched 1,4-dienes are versatile building blocks in asymmetric synthesis, therefore their efficient synthesis directly from chemical feedstock is highly sought after. Here, we show an ...enantioselective cross-hydroalkenylation of cyclic 1,3-diene and hetero-substituted terminal olefin by using a chiral NHC-Ni(allyl)BAr
catalyst. Using a structurally flexible chiral C
NHC-Ni design is key to access a broad scope of chiral 1,4-diene 3 or 3' with high enantioselectivity. This study also offers insights on how to regulate chiral C
NHC-Ni(II) 1,3-allylic shift on cyclic diene 1 and to build sterically more hindered endocyclic chiral allylic structures on demand.
Hybrid organic‐inorganic halide perovskites are actively pursued for optoelectronic technologies, but the poor stability is the Achilles’ heel of these materials that hinders their applications. Very ...recently, it has been shown that lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) can form epitaxial interfaces with the perovskite matrix and enhance the overall stability. In this work, it is demonstrated that embedding QDs can significantly modify the transport property of pristine perovskite single crystals, endowing them with new functionalities besides being structurally robust and free from grain boundaries. Resistive switching memory devices are constructed using solution‐processed CH3NH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr3) perovskite single crystals and the QD‐embedded counterparts. It is found that QDs could significantly enhance the charge transport and reduce the current–voltage hysteresis. The pristine singe crystal device exhibits negative differential resistance, while the QD‐embedded crystals are featured with filament‐type switching behavior and much improved device stability. This study underscores the potential of QD‐embedded hybrid perovskites as a new media for advanced electronic devices.
Embedding PbS quantum dots into CH3NH3PbBr3 single crystals can significantly enhance resistive switching performance and ambient stability. In general, such perovskite/quantum dot heterostructures exhibit improved charge transport property and reduced current–voltage hysteresis, suggesting the potential for advanced optoelectronics.
Cross‐hydroalkenylation of a vinyl ether (1) with an α‐olefin (2) was first achieved by a set of NHC‐Ni(allyl)BArF (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbene) catalysts. Both 1,2‐ and 1,3‐disubstituted allyl ethers ...were obtained, highly selectively, by using NHCs of different sizes. In contrast, the chemoselectivity (i.e., 1 as acceptor and 2 as donor) was controlled mostly by electronic effects through the catalyst–substrate interaction. Sterically bulkier alkenes (2) were used as preferred donors compared to smaller alkenes. This electronic effect also served as a basis for the first tail‐to‐head cross‐hydroalkenylations of 1 with either a vinyl silane or boronic ester.
Electronics: Allyl ethers were prepared in a regiodivergent fashion by catalytic cross‐hydroalkenylation. The chemoselectivity of this reaction is directed by the substrate–catalyst interaction. Sterically bulky alkenes and vinyl silanes/boronic esters are compatible olefin donors with small vinyl ethers, a combination which was kinetically unfavorable in previous methods. This discovery opens up new opportunities in directing cross‐dimerization of new substrate classes.
Converting and storing solar energy and releasing it on demand by using solar flow batteries (SFBs) is a promising way to address the challenge of solar intermittency. Although high solar-to-output ...electricity efficiencies (SOEE) have been recently demonstrated in SFBs, the complex multi-junction photoelectrodes used are not desirable for practical applications. Here, we report an efficient and stable integrated SFB built with back-illuminated single-junction GaAs photoelectrode with an n-p-n sandwiched design. Rational potential matching simulation and operating condition optimization of this GaAs SFB lead to a record SOEE of 15.4% among single-junction SFB devices. Furthermore, the TiO
protection layer and robust redox couples in neutral pH electrolyte enable the SFB to achieve stable cycling over 408 h (150 cycles). These results advance the utilization of more practical solar cells with higher photocurrent densities but lower photovoltages for high performance SFBs and pave the way for developing practical and efficient SFBs.
Integrating multiple semiconductors with distinct physical properties is a practical design strategy for realizing novel optoelectronic devices with unprecedented functionalities. In this work, a ...photonic resistive switching (RS) memory is demonstrated based on solution‐processed bilayers of strontium titanate (SrTiO3 or STO) quantum dots (QDs) and all‐inorganic halide perovskite CsPbBr3 (CPB) with an Ag/STO/CPB/Au architecture. Compared with the single‐layer STO or CPB RS device, the double‐layer device shows considerably improved RS performance with a high switching ratio over 105, an endurance of 3000 cycles, and a retention time longer than 2 × 104 s. The formation of heterojunction between STO and CPB significantly enhances the high resistance state, and the separation of the active silver electrode and the CPB layer contributes to the long‐term stability. More importantly, the photonic RS device exhibits UV–visible dual‐band response due to the photogating effect and the light‐induced modification of the heterojunction barrier. Last, tri‐mode operation, i.e., photodetector, memory, and photomemory, is demonstrated via tailoring the light and electric stimuli. This bilayer device architecture provides a unique approach toward enhancing the performance of photoresponsive data‐storage devices.
A solution‐processed photonic memory is fabricated using all‐perovskite SrTiO3/CsPbBr3 bilayers as the switching media. The resistive switching performance of the device is considerably improved compared to the single‐layer counterparts, exhibiting response to dual UV–visible bands, as well as tri‐mode operation of photodetector, memory, and photomemory.
The binding and catalytic functions of proteins are generally mediated by a small number of functional residues held in place by the overall protein structure. Here, we describe deep learning ...approaches for scaffolding such functional sites without needing to prespecify the fold or secondary structure of the scaffold. The first approach, "constrained hallucination," optimizes sequences such that their predicted structures contain the desired functional site. The second approach, "inpainting," starts from the functional site and fills in additional sequence and structure to create a viable protein scaffold in a single forward pass through a specifically trained RoseTTAFold network. We use these two methods to design candidate immunogens, receptor traps, metalloproteins, enzymes, and protein-binding proteins and validate the designs using a combination of in silico and experimental tests.
The scaling of silicon metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors has followed Moore's law for decades, but the physical thinning of silicon at sub-ten-nanometre technology nodes introduces ...issues such as leakage currents
. Two-dimensional (2D) layered semiconductors, with an atomic thickness that allows superior gate-field penetration, are of interest as channel materials for future transistors
. However, the integration of high-dielectric-constant (κ) materials with 2D materials, while scaling their capacitance equivalent thickness (CET), has proved challenging. Here we explore transferrable ultrahigh-κ single-crystalline perovskite strontium-titanium-oxide membranes as a gate dielectric for 2D field-effect transistors. Our perovskite membranes exhibit a desirable sub-one-nanometre CET with a low leakage current (less than 10
amperes per square centimetre at 2.5 megavolts per centimetre). We find that the van der Waals gap between strontium-titanium-oxide dielectrics and 2D semiconductors mitigates the unfavourable fringing-induced barrier-lowering effect resulting from the use of ultrahigh-κ dielectrics
. Typical short-channel transistors made of scalable molybdenum-disulfide films by chemical vapour deposition and strontium-titanium-oxide dielectrics exhibit steep subthreshold swings down to about 70 millivolts per decade and on/off current ratios up to 10
, which matches the low-power specifications suggested by the latest International Roadmap for Devices and Systems
.
Human exposure to microplastics contained in food has become a significant concern owing to the increasing accumulation of microplastics in the environment. In this paper, we summarize the presence ...of microplastics in food and the analytical methods used for isolation and identification of microplastics. Although a large number of studies on seafood such as fish and shellfish exist, estimating the overall human exposure to microplastics via food consumption is difficult owing to the lack of studies on other food items. Analytical methods still need to be optimized for appropriate recovery of microplastics in various food matrices, rendering a quantitative comparison of different studies challenging. In addition, microplastics could be added or removed from ingredients during processing or cooking. Thus, research on processed food is crucial to estimate the contribution of food to overall human microplastic consumption and to mitigate this exposure in the future.
This research investigates whether and how predecessors’ usernames—as evaluated from a perspective of perceived anonymity—affect successors’ herding momentum through the varying extent of perceived ...source credibility. Using a unique data set collected from a leading debt-based crowdfunding platform, we classify lenders’ usernames as either anonymous or real-seeming, with the latter referring to usernames that seem to reveal one’s legal name. We find that successors demonstrate weaker herding momentum toward predecessors who are presented with real-seeming usernames than anonymous ones. This finding, which we attribute to a lower extent of perceived credibility resulting from a nonconforming behavior, challenges the conventional wisdom that considers anonymity a negative factor for source credibility. Further, we demonstrate the importance of risk-related factors, in that the uncovered positive effect of perceived anonymity on herding is accentuated in the early stage of the fundraising period. Our findings provide actionable insights for platform owners to utilize the user heterogeneity with respect to perceived anonymity and hence perceived credibility in herding. These findings are also informative for borrowers who desire to exert effort to encourage participation from the crowd.
This research examines the role of perceived anonymity in shaping herding behavior in online crowdfunding markets. Drawing on theories from social psychology literature, we argue that a lender forms different credibility perceptions toward preceding peers based on their perceived anonymity state; the lender then uses such perceptions to adjust the lender’s herding momentum toward them. Using data collected from a leading debt-based crowdfunding platform, we classify an individual’s username as either anonymous or real-seeming, with the latter referring to as a user identification that seems to reveal one’s real name. The results show that successors demonstrate weaker herding momentum toward predecessors who are presented with real-seeming usernames than anonymous ones. This finding, which we attribute to a lower extent of perceived credibility derived from a nonconforming behavior, challenges the conventional wisdom that considers anonymity a negative factor for source credibility. We further show that the uncovered positive effect of perceived anonymity on herding is accentuated in the early stage of the fundraising period; nevertheless, we find no such discrepancies between listings that are assigned with high-risk and low-risk credit grades. Our study contributes to the literatures dealing with anonymity and herding in online environments.
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