An increasing number of studies have reported that exosomes released from various cells can serve as mediators of information exchange between different cells. With further exploration of exosome ...content, a more accurate molecular mechanism involved in the process of cell-to-cell communication has been revealed; specifically, microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are shuttled by exosomes. In addition, exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs may play vital roles in the pathogenesis of several respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and asthma. Consequently, exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs show promise as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in several lung diseases. This review will summarize recent knowledge about the roles of exosomal miRNAs and lncRNAs in lung diseases, which has shed light on the discovery of novel diagnostic methods and treatments for these disorders. Because there is almost no published literature about exosomal lncRNAs in COPD, asthma, interstitial lung disease, or tuberculosis, we summarize the roles of exosomal lncRNAs only in lung cancer in the second section. This may inspire some new ideas for researchers who are interested in whether lncRNAs shuttled by exosomes may play roles in other lung diseases.
•We investigated the effect of PP333 or GA3 on wheat basal second internode characteristics.•Lignin accumulation exhibited important functions in regulating the breaking strength of ...internode.•Application of PP333 or GA3 regulated lodging resistance of wheat by affecting lignin biosynthesis.•We presented a target for improving the lodging resistance of wheat.
Lodging is an important constraint limiting wheat yields and quality by bending or breaking stems on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production worldwide. This study was conducted to determine whether lignin accumulation and lodging resistance of winter wheat could be affected by application of paclobutrazol (PP333) or gibberellin acid (GA3) at stem elongation stage (DC 3.0). Two winter wheat cultivars, Jimai22 (lodging-tolerant cultivar; JM22) and Shannong16 (lodging-susceptible cultivar; SN16), were used to investigate the effect of exogenous hormones on wheat lodging behavior, lignin accumulation in culms and its relation to lodging resistance. Results showed that application of PP333 significantly reduced plant height and the length of basal second internode, while GA3 had the opposite effect. Lignin accumulation was positively and significantly correlated with the breaking strength of internode and culm lodging resistance index (CLRI). PP333 significantly increased lignin accumulation and its related enzymes activities in the basal second internode, and also increased the diameter, wall thickness, filling degree of the internode, thus the breaking strength and lodging resistance of wheat increased. Whereas, GA3 caused opposite effect on those characteristics. These results suggested that the exogenous PP333 or GA3 application significantly changed the risk of lodging occurred not only by altering the plant height but also by altering the physical strength of the basal part of the culm internode, especially, altering the lignin accumulation and its related enzymes activities in basal internode.
Lipids and lipid metabolites play important roles in plant-microbe interactions. Despite the extensive studies of lipases in lipid homeostasis and seed oil biosynthesis, the involvement of lipases in ...plant immunity remains largely unknown. In particular, GDSL esterases/lipases, characterized by the conserved GDSL motif, are a subfamily of lipolytic enzymes with broad substrate specificity. Here, we functionally identified two GDSL lipases, OsGLIP1 and OsGLIP2, in rice immune responses. Expression of OsGLIP1 and OsGLIP2 was suppressed by pathogen infection and salicylic acid (SA) treatment. OsGLIP1 was mainly expressed in leaf and leaf sheath, while OsGLIP2 showed high expression in elongating internodes. Biochemical assay demonstrated that OsGLIP1 and OsGLIP2 are functional lipases that could hydrolyze lipid substrates. Simultaneous down-regulation of OsGLIP1 and OsGLIP2 increased plant resistance to both bacterial and fungal pathogens, whereas disease resistance in OsGLIP1 and OsGLIP2 overexpression plants was significantly compromised, suggesting that both genes act as negative regulators of disease resistance. OsGLIP1 and OsGLIP2 proteins mainly localize to lipid droplets and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. The proper cellular localization of OsGLIP proteins is indispensable for their functions in immunity. Comprehensive lipid profiling analysis indicated that the alteration of OsGLIP gene expression was associated with substantial changes of the levels of lipid species including monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG). We show that MGDG and DGDG feeding could attenuate disease resistance. Taken together, our study indicates that OsGLIP1 and OsGLIP2 negatively regulate rice defense by modulating lipid metabolism, thus providing new insights into the function of lipids in plant immunity.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
As a typical mountain area at the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in Southwest China, the Erhai Lake Basin has uneven precipitation (frequent droughts and floods), affected by the Southwest Monsoon in Asia ...and significant vertical zonal differences determined by local topography. Though with such harsh physical environment, this area sustained development in ancient times and has been considered a typical resilience case in many studies. With extensive investigation of various historical archives, this paper explores the situation and changes of water management in the Erhai Basin during the past 300 years, and aims to identify local factors in maintaining resilience to water stresses. Findings indicate that various strong and smart social regulations (governance, institutions, plans, management, motivations, orders, donations, dedication, etc.) enabled a wise development of many water conservancy projects that set up an effective irrigation system at the flat basin center. Lots of stream dams, sluice gates and terraced croplands jointly further enabled water storage, drainage and irrigation at the surrounding hillside areas. Additionally, by adopting drought-resistant and cold-resistant crops, agriculture production kept increasing and successfully fed the growing population. The complex but systematically developed river canal system, with its dams, reservoirs, and sluice gates, as well as adaptive cropping strategies, together maintained and enhanced the resilience of local communities to hydrological hazards. Over the 300 years of the study period, the changing water environment and the developing water conservancy projects showed a resilience loop, which offers a simple but valuable perspective on building human-water resilience in face of current and future water crises in this region and beyond.
Abstract
This study adopted an empirical analysis to explore social resilience to major natural disasters along the Tea-Horse Road (THR) in southwest China and to understand why and how the THR and ...its connected communities maintained and developed over a long period. A set of archive data, literature re-analysis, statistical data, monitoring data, and surveyed materials were collected and qualitatively and quantitatively analysed to support a holistic investigation of disaster impacts and social resilience. The results indicate that (a) natural disasters occurred frequently but were distributed over place and time and had various impacts, which left possibilities for maintaining social development with diverse and specific coping strategies; (b) strong central and local governance continually improved infrastructure and engineering technologies, and collaboration in social networks with local experience and disaster cultures were the major contributing factors that enhanced social resilience at various levels; (c) the THR area demonstrated various features of social resilience to natural disasters in terms of spatial-temporal scales, where the combination of multiple resilience measures enabled the resilience of the entire social system at various places over long time periods. Generally, larger social systems with diverse response capabilities were more resilient than small and individual entities over a long time scale. The study highlights that the THR region withstood frequent natural disasters but maintained a general development of social economy, transportation, and advanced technologies, and performed a positive transformation to a more resilient status. Overall, this paper describes the scale effects of multiple resilience measures along the THR and calls for specific studies on social resilience and transformation of diverse social entities over multiple spatial-temporal scales.
Angiosperm seeds usually consist of two major parts： the embryo and the endosperm. However, the molec- ular mechanism（s） underlying embryo and endosperm development remains largely unknown, ...particularly in rice, the model cereal. Here, we report the identification and functional characterization of the rice GIANT EMBRYO （GE） gene. Mutation of GE resulted in a large embryo in the seed, which was caused by excessive expansion of scuteUum cells. Post-embryonic growth of ge seedling was severely inhibited due to defective shoot apical meristem （SAM） mainte- nance. Map-based cloning revealed that GE encodes a CYP78A subfamily P450 monooxygenase that is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. GE is expressed predominantly in the scutellar epithelium, the interface region between embryo and endosperm. Overexpression of GE promoted cell proliferation and enhanced rice plant growth and grain yield, but reduced embryo size, suggesting that GE is critical for coordinating rice embryo and endosperm development. Moreover, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing AtCYP78AlO, a GE homolog, also produced bigger seeds, implying a con- served role for the CYP78A subfamily of P450s in regulating seed development. Taken together, our results indicate that GE plays critical roles in regulating embryo development and SAM maintenance.
The G protein-coupled receptor, class C, group 5, member A (GPRC5A) plays a key role in various diseases, but its effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the potential underlying mechanisms ...remains unclear. In the present study, we explored the effect of GPRC5A on the progression of HCC and further explored its mechanism of action. The results revealed that the expression of GPRC5A was lower in HCC tissues and cells. Overexpression of GPRC5A suppressed the proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC cells. In addition, overexpression of GPRC5A induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Further study showed that overexpression of GPRC5A inhibited the expression of STAT3/Socs3/c-MYC related-protein and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Moreover, the STAT3/Socs3/c-MYC and NLRP3 inflammasome was involved in the effect of GPRC5A on HCC cells. These results suggest that GPRC5A suppresses proliferation and EMT, induces oxidative stress and leads to apoptosis of HCC cells, potentially by regulating STAT3/Socs3/c-MYC signalling and the NLRP3 inflammasome. These findings suggest that GPRC5A has an anti-tumor effect in the formation of HCC, and the molecular therapy of GPRC5A provides a theoretical basis for treating HCC.
Root-associated microbiomes contribute to plant growth and health, and are dynamically affected by plant development and changes in the soil environment. However, how different fertilizer regimes ...affect quantitative changes in microbial assembly to effect plant growth remains obscure. Here, we explore the temporal dynamics of the root-associated bacteria of soybean using quantitative microbiome profiling (QMP) to examine its response to unbalanced fertilizer treatments (i.e., lacking either N, P or K) and its role in sustaining plant growth after four decades of unbalanced fertilization. We show that the root-associated bacteria exhibit strong succession during plant development, and bacterial loads largely increase at later stages, particularly for Bacteroidetes. Unbalanced fertilization has a significant effect on the assembly of the soybean rhizosphere bacteria, and in the absence of N fertilizer the bacterial community diverges from that of fertilized plants, while lacking P fertilizer impedes the total load and turnover of rhizosphere bacteria. Importantly, a SynCom derived from the low-nitrogen-enriched cluster is capable of stimulating plant growth, corresponding with the stabilized soybean productivity in the absence of N fertilizer. These findings provide new insights in the quantitative dynamics of the root-associated microbiome and highlight a key ecological cluster with prospects for sustainable agricultural management.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) features a decreased pool of CD4
CD25
Foxp3
T regulatory (Treg) cells. We had previously observed NKG2D
CD4
T cell expansion in contrast to a decreased pool of Treg ...cells in SLE patients, but whether NKG2D
CD4
T cells contribute to the decreased Treg cells remains unclear. In the present study, we found that the NKG2D
CD4
T cells efficiently killed NKG2D ligand (NKG2DL)
Treg cells in vitro, whereby the surviving Treg cells in SLE patients showed no detectable expression of NKG2DLs. It was further found that MRL/lpr lupus mice have significantly increased percentage of NKG2D
CD4
T cells and obvious decreased percentage of Treg cells, as compared with wild-type mice. Adoptively transferred NKG2DL
Treg cells were found to be efficiently killed in MRL/lpr lupus mice, with NKG2D neutralization remarkably attenuating this killing. Anti-NKG2D or anti-interferon-alpha receptor (IFNAR) antibodies treatment in MRL/lpr mice restored Treg cells numbers and markedly ameliorated the lupus disease. These results suggest that NKG2D
CD4
T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE by killing Treg cells in a NKG2D-NKG2DL-dependent manner. Targeting the NKG2D-NKG2DL interaction might be a potential therapeutic strategy by which Treg cells can be protected from cytolysis in SLE patients.
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