The Innately Pure Mind自性清浄心 （prakṛti-pariśuddha-citta） is a very important concept in Mahāyāna Buddhism. Especially in the Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanādasūtra, there is a chapter named “Innate Purity,” in ...which the concept of the Innately Pure Mind is explained. The relationship between the mind and defilement is mentioned. But there are still some difficult problems, because there is no further detailed explanation in the sūtra. This was explained in detail in several commentaries on the Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanādasūtra in the Sui and Tang dynasties. According to the explanations of these commentaries, we can get an idea how Chinese Buddhists understood the relationship of mind and defilement, and how they explained the problem of defilement-stained mind. This offers not only an understanding of the Śrīmālādevīsiṃhanādasūtra, but also an answer to the problem of mind and defilement which is common to the concept of Tathāgatagarbha.
Chemotherapy combined with or without targeted therapy is the fundamental treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Due to the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic drugs and the biological ...characteristics of the tumor cells, it is difficult to make breakthroughs in traditional strategies. The immune checkpoint blockades (ICB) therapy has made significant progress in the treatment of advanced malignant tumors, and patients who benefit from this therapy may obtain a long-lasting response. Unfortunately, immunotherapy is only effective in a limited number of patients with microsatellite instability--high (MSI-H), and segment initial responders can subsequently develop acquired resistance. From September 4, 2014, the first anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drug Pembrolizumab was approved by the FDA for the second-line treatment of advanced malignant melanoma. Subsequently, it was approved for mCRC second-line treatment in 2017. Immunotherapy has rapidly developed in the past 7 years. The in-depth research of the ICB treatment indicated that the mechanism of colorectal cancer immune-resistance has become gradually clear, and new predictive biomarkers are constantly emerging. Clinical trials examining the effect of immune checkpoints are actively carried out, in order to produce long-lasting effects for mCRC patients. This review summarizes the treatment strategies for mCRC patients, discusses the mechanism and application of ICB in mCRC treatment, outlines the potential markers of the ICB efficacy, lists the key results of the clinical trials, and collects the recent basic research results, in order to provide a theoretical basis and practical direction for immunotherapy strategies. Keywords: Metastatic colorectal cancer, Immune checkpoint blockade, Immunotherapy, Biomarkers, Immune desert, Microsatellite instability, Precision medicine
Triplet materials have been employed to achieve high‐performing organic solar cells (OSCs) by extending the exciton lifetime and diffusion distances, while the triplet non‐fullerene acceptor ...materials have never been reported for bulk heterojunction OSCs. Herein, for the first time, three triplet molecular acceptors based on tellurophene with different degrees of ring fusing were designed and synthesized for OSCs. Significantly, these molecules have long exciton lifetime and diffusion lengths, leading to efficient power conversion efficiency (7.52 %), which is the highest value for tellurophene‐based OSCs. The influence of the extent of ring fusing on molecular geometry and OSCs performance was investigated to show the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) continuously increased along with increasing the extent of ring fusing.
Solar fusion: Three triplet molecular acceptors based on tellurophene with different degrees of ring fusing were prepared for organic solar cells (OSCs). These molecules have long exciton lifetimes and diffusion lengths, leading to increasing power conversion efficiencies (PCE) up to 7.52 %, which is the highest value for tellurophene‐based OSCs, as the degree of ring‐fusion increases.
Radioresistance resulted from the intrinsic features of tumors often gives rise to unsatisfied therapeutic outcome. In particular, the tumor microenvironment (TME) with abundant antioxidants, ...elevated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hypoxia has been believed as a tremendous obstacle for radiotherapy. Therefore, developing an effective radiosensitizer in response to both X-ray and the TME is highly imperative but remains a challenge so far. Here, we for the first time explore bismuth heteropolytungstate (BiP5W30) nanoclusters as radiosensitizers for the TME-manipulated enhancement of radiotherapy. On the one hand, BiP5W30 nanoclusters can increase radiation dose deposition within tumors by high-Z elements like Bi and W. On the other hand, in virtue of the unique electron structure and multi-electron property, they have the capability of depleting glutathione (GSH) via redox reaction and catalyzing the decomposition of H2O2 to HO to enhance ROS generation upon X-ray radiation. Moreover, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) coupled with BiP5W30 can further improve radiocatalytic activity through promoting electron-hole separation. Simultaneously, due to the considerable near-infrared absorption of rGO, photothermal therapy can overcome the tumor hypoxia microenvironment and thus synergize with radiotherapy. In addition to providing a promising radiosensitizer, this finding is expected to extend the application of polyoxometalates used in the biomedical field.
The tumor microenvironment-manipulated bismuth heteropolytungstate nanoclusters could serve as a simple yet powerful radiocatalytic sensitizer for achieving tumor-specific radiotherapy by simultaneously increasing X-ray dose deposition and reversing the radio-resistance through the improvement of hypoxia environment, depletion of glutathione, and radiocatalytic conversion of overproduced hydrogen peroxide into highly toxic hydroxyl radical. Display omitted
We collected street dust from Huainan, a typical coal-mining city in China, to investigate the contamination features and health risks of heavy metals. Concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, As, and Sb ...were generally low to moderate, while pollution levels of Cd and Hg were moderate to high. Concentrations of Cd and Hg were associated with considerable health risks at 64.3% and 58.6% of sites, respectively. In particular, about a fifth of samples had associated high risks as a result of Hg contamination levels. Relative to other urban areas, the street dust from the mining area had no more severe metal pollution, which might be partly attributed to the deposition of coal dust onto street dusts. A source assessment indicated that metals in dust form Huainan were mainly derived from vehicular-related activities, industrial emissions, weathering of coal dust and natural soils, and coal combustion. Although the health risk levels from exposure to individual metals in dusts were low, the non-carcinogenic risks from multiple metals to local children exceeded the acceptable level (1.0), suggesting that the overall risk from exposure to multiple metals in dust is concerning.
•Metal concentrations in street dusts from a coal-mining city were investigated.•Pollution levels of Cd and Hg were moderate to high.•Metal pollution in dust from the mining area was no more severe than urban areas.•The overall risk from multiple metals in dusts to local children is unacceptable.
The activity levels of key substances (metal ions, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen, biological small molecules, etc.) in organisms are closely related to intracellular redox reactions, ...disease occurrence and treatment, as well as drug absorption and distribution. Fluorescence imaging technology provides a visual tool for medicine, showing great potential in the fields of molecular biology, cellular immunology and oncology. In recent years, organic fluorescent probes have attracted much attention in the bioanalytical field. Among various organic fluorescent probes, fluorescent organic small molecule probes (FOSMPs) have become a research hotspot due to their excellent physicochemical properties, such as good photostability, high spatial and temporal resolution, as well as excellent biocompatibility. FOSMPs have proved to be suitable for in vivo bioimaging and detection. On the basis of the introduction of several primary fluorescence mechanisms, the latest progress of FOSMPs in the applications of bioimaging and detection is comprehensively reviewed. Following this, the preparation and application of fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONPs) that are designed with FOSMPs as fluorophores are overviewed. Additionally, the prospects of FOSMPs in bioimaging and detection are discussed.
In this study, we employ the sol–gel method to fabricate MoS2 films with a controllable thickness. The resulting colloidal configuration can be directly spin-coated onto various substrates (e.g., Si, ...SiO2, GaN, and sapphire), leading to the formation of smooth MoS2 films after annealing. Based on this technique, we construct a two-dimensional MoS2/p-GaN van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructure photodetector comprising n-MoS2 and p-GaN. The high crystal quality of MoS2 and the internal electric field of the MoS2/p-GaN heterostructure p–n junction enable efficient separation of photogenerated carriers, resulting in enhanced exciton collection by the electrode at 416 nm. This configuration achieves a high photo response of 35.6 A/W and a rapid response time of 200 ms, surpassing that of a single MoS2 thin film. Furthermore, when combined with p-GaN, the photodetector’s response spectrum extends to the ultraviolet region, exhibiting an impressive 8.4 A/W light response and a quick response time of 280 ms. This demonstrates a favorable synergistic effect. These exceptional properties establish n-MoS2/p-GaN heterostructure photodetectors as highly competitive next-generation optoelectronic devices.
Display omitted
•The new method was used to analysis the spatial heterogeneity of driving factors for urban heat health risk.•Driving factors for urban heat health risk exhibited a high level of ...heterogeneity.•Relying solely on the driving factors obtained from traditional methods to develop cooling measures was unreasonable.•Novel framework connecting heat health risks, driving factors, and response policies was proposed.
With urban heat challenges increasingly severe, assessing heat health risk has become crucial for human settlements. Unfortunately, previous studies have not accurately identified the driving factors, posing a significant obstacle to translating assessment results into policymaking. Particularly, potential spatial heterogeneity of driving factors at the indicator-level may exist. Therefore, this study developed a systematic method to examine the spatial heterogeneity of driving factors for heat health risk in Chongqing. Based on this heterogeneity, an integrated framework linking heat health risk, driving factors, and response strategies was proposed, supporting specific solutions for different cities. The results indicate that driving factors exhibit strong heterogeneity at the indicator-level. Even within the same prevention zone and urban functional areas, the maximum differences in the number of driving factors and combination categories can reach four and five, respectively. Moreover, relying solely on the driving factors obtained through traditional methods to develop cooling measures is unreasonable. When these driving factors are consistent, there are still, on average, six combinations of driving factors at the indicator-level, and each combination includes an average of 2.9 indicators. The higher the level of the risk prevention zone, the more driving factors it contains. The average number of driving factors above the moderate risk level is 3.9, higher than the 1.1 and 2 found in moderate and below moderate risk levels. Overall, this study provides a reference for understanding spatial heterogeneity of driving factors for heat health risk and offers an approach to assist policymakers in formulating guided cooling strategies.
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) based on Fenton or Fenton-like reactions is an emerging cancer treatment that can both effectively fight cancer and reduce side effects on normal cells and tissues, and it ...has made important progress in cancer treatment. The catalytic efficiency of Fenton nanocatalysts(F-NCs) directly determines the anticancer effect of CDT. To learn more about this new type of therapy, this review summarizes the recent development of F-NCs that are responsive to tumor microenvironment (TME), and detailedly introduces their material design and action mechanism. Based on the deficiencies of them, some effective strategies to significantly improve the anticancer efficacy of F-NCs are highlighted, which mainly includes increasing the temperature and hydrogen peroxide concentration, reducing the pH, glutathione (GSH) content, and the dependence of F-NCs on acidic environment in the TME. It also discusses the differences between the effect of multi-mode therapy with external energy (light and ultrasound) and the single-mode therapy of CDT. Finally, the challenges encountered in the treatment process, the future development direction of F-NCs, and some suggestions are analyzed to promote CDT to enter the clinical stage in the near future.
PDF
