To clarify the adaptability of cultivation of paddy rice by direct sowing in early winter, we compared the seedling establishment at 11 locations in Japan in two seasons (2018/19 and 2019/20) using ...different coating types and sowing dates. Although winter–sown seeds (October, November, January) had poorer seedling establishment than spring-sown seed (April), seed coating decreased the gap between winter-sowing and spring-sowing. Seedling establishment was not affected by the sowing date between October and November in Aomori, Iwate, Akita, Yamagata (2 locations) and Fukushima prefectures over the two seasons. On the other hand, in Niigata prefecture, the seedling establishment was poorer in October than in November due to untimely germination after sowing, and in Mie, Hiroshima and Fukuoka prefectures, it was better in January than in November. In contrast, in Hokkaido, seedling establishment was better when sown in October than in November. The ratio of seedling establishment per unit seed survival rate was 55% (2018/19) and 69% (2019/20) for seeds sown in spring. The seedling establishment in 2019/20 was higher than in 2018/19 at many locations. The maximum seedling establishment at 11 locations ranged from 39% to 86%, which satisfied the target seedling establishment of 35%. These results showed that seed coating is effective over a wide area for improving seedling establishment of seeds direct sown in early winter.
The use of N fertilizers for agricultural production acts as a sources of atmospheric Formula: see text. Fertilizer induced Formula: see text emission considerably varies in accordance with ...environmental factors. We conducted a Formula: see text flux measurement campaign across 10 different experimental sites with various soil types throughout Japan and investigated the fertilizer induced Formula: see text emission factors (FIEFs) of synthetic fertilizers (mainly urea) in multiple growing periods at each experimental site. FIEFs considerably varied among the 10 sites, and measurement periods ranged from 0.00 to 7.13 % in 40 total observations. Soil profile information divided the experimental sites into two major groups through cluster analysis, which are volcanic or non-volcanic soils. According to this classification, FIEFs were clearly differentiated into high and low FIEF groups (mean values: 2.67 and 0.59 %, respectively). Regression trees selected total soil carbon, the depth to the Fe mottling horizon, and mean air temperature as the key parameters to determine the strength of FIEFs out of 10 explanatory variables (e.g., N fertilizer application rates, fertilizer application times, clay content, total precipitation during measurement periods, pH, total soil carbon, and total soil nitrogen). The existence of shallow Fe mottling layer (up to 42.5 cm) induced high FIEFs in this model, suggesting that upward Formula: see text emissions derived from the intermediate Fe mottling layers presumably contributed high Formula: see text emissions in such soils. Our results suggest that the soil profile information associated with the water regime is an important index for synthetic fertilizer induced Formula: see text emissions.
The use of N fertilizers for agricultural production acts as a sources of atmospheric
N
2
O
. Fertilizer induced
N
2
O
emission considerably varies in accordance with environmental factors. We ...conducted a
N
2
O
flux measurement campaign across 10 different experimental sites with various soil types throughout Japan and investigated the fertilizer induced
N
2
O
emission factors (FIEFs) of synthetic fertilizers (mainly urea) in multiple growing periods at each experimental site. FIEFs considerably varied among the 10 sites, and measurement periods ranged from 0.00 to 7.13 % in 40 total observations. Soil profile information divided the experimental sites into two major groups through cluster analysis, which are volcanic or non-volcanic soils. According to this classification, FIEFs were clearly differentiated into high and low FIEF groups (mean values: 2.67 and 0.59 %, respectively). Regression trees selected total soil carbon, the depth to the Fe mottling horizon, and mean air temperature as the key parameters to determine the strength of FIEFs out of 10 explanatory variables (e.g., N fertilizer application rates, fertilizer application times, clay content, total precipitation during measurement periods, pH, total soil carbon, and total soil nitrogen). The existence of shallow Fe mottling layer (up to 42.5 cm) induced high FIEFs in this model, suggesting that upward
N
2
O
emissions derived from the intermediate Fe mottling layers presumably contributed high
N
2
O
emissions in such soils. Our results suggest that the soil profile information associated with the water regime is an important index for synthetic fertilizer induced
N
2
O
emissions.
Active-site-specific chaperone therapy for Fabry disease is a genotype-specific therapy using a competitive inhibitor, 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (DGJ). To elucidate the mechanism of enhancing ...α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) activity by DGJ-treatment, we studied the degradation of a mutant protein and the effect of DGJ in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We first established an
in vitro translation and translocation system using rabbit reticulocyte lysates and canine pancreas microsomal vesicles for a study on the stability of mutant α-Gal A with an amino acid substitution (R301Q) in the ER. R301Q was rapidly degraded, but no degradation of wild-type α-Gal A was observed when microsomal vesicles containing wild-type or R301Q α-Gal A were isolated and incubated. A pulse-chase experiment on R301Q-expressing TgM/KO mouse fibroblasts showed rapid degradation of R301Q, and its degradation was blocked by the addition of lactacystin, indicating that R301Q was degraded by ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Rapid degradation of R301Q was also observed in TgM/KO mouse fibroblasts treated with brefeldin A, and the amount of R301Q enzyme markedly increased by pretreatment with DGJ starting 12 h prior to addition of brefeldin A. The enhancement of α-Gal A activity and its protein level by DGJ-treatment was selectively observed in brefeldin A-treated COS-7 cells expressing R301Q but not in cells expressing the wild-type α-Gal A. Observation by immunoelectron microscopy showed that the localization of R301Q in COS-7 cells was in the lysosomes, not the ER. These data suggest that the rescue of R301Q from ERAD is a key step for normalization of intracellular trafficking of R301Q.
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by an alpha -galactosidase A ( alpha -Gal A) deficiency and resulting in the accumulation of glycosphingolipids, predominantly ...globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). A transgenic mouse expressing the human alpha -Gal A R301Q mutant in an alpha -Gal A-knockout background (TgM/KO) should be useful for studying active-site-specific chaperone (ASSC) therapy for Fabry disease. However, the Gb3 content in the heart tissue of this mouse was too low to detect an ASSC-induced effect. To increase the Gb3 levels in mouse organs, we created transgenic mice (TgG3S) expressing human alpha 1,4-galactosyltransferase (Gb3 synthase). High levels of Gb3 were observed in all major organs of the TgG3S mouse. A TgG3S (+/-)M(+/-)/KO mouse was prepared by cross-breeding the TgG3S and TgM/KO mice and the Gb3 content in the heart of the TgG3S(+/-)M(+/-)/KO mouse was 1.4 mu g/mg protein, higher than in the TgM(+/-)/KO (<0.1 mu g/mg protein). Treatment with an ASSC, 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin, caused a marked induction of alpha -Gal A activity and a concomitant reduction of the Gb3 content in the TgG3S(+/-) M(+/-)/KO mouse organs. These data indicated that the TgG3S(+/-) M(+/-)/KO mouse was suitable for studying ASSC therapy for Fabry disease, and that the TgG3S mouse would be useful for studying the effect of high Gb3 levels in mouse organs.
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