The quest for cheaper, safer, higher-density, and more resource-abundant energy storage has driven significant battery innovations. In the context of material development for next-generation ...batteries, here we compare head-to-head organic battery electrode materials (OBEMs) with dominating/competing inorganic materials through analyses of charge storage mechanism, working potential, specific capacity, resource availability, and more. We show that from high-energy lithium batteries to aqueous and all-solid-state batteries, OBEMs can be designed to be sufficiently capable and offer unique feature sets unmatched by other materials. Future research directions toward practical application of OBEMs are discussed.
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Modern organic electrode materials will potentially enable the latest battery chemistries for meeting the cost, safety, and specific energy requirements of electric vehicles and grid storage. The moderate working potential and high specific capacity make them compatible with nonaqueous, aqueous (any pH), and sulfide solid electrolytes while achieving desirable specific energy. With proper design, the reversible ion-insertion reaction and adequate conductivity further lead to long cycle life and fast kinetics. Synthesis analysis reveals no concerns in resource availability for the targeted markets. They will accelerate the development of ultra-high-energy lithium batteries, high-stability/energy aqueous batteries, and solid-state batteries, which are not satisfactorily enabled by existing inorganic electrode materials. Going forward, deeper understanding of charge storage mechanisms and practical electrode/cell design will be indispensable for applications of organic electrode materials.
The quest for cheaper, safer, higher-energy, and more resource-abundant electricity storage has driven significant material innovations, among which is the emergence of organic battery electrode materials (OBEMs). Here we perform head-to-head comparisons of OBEMs with the dominating/competing inorganic materials through analyses of working mechanism, energy parameters, resource availability, and more. We show that from ultra-high-energy lithium batteries to aqueous and solid-state batteries, OBEMs offer unique feature sets unmatched by other materials. Future research directions toward practical applications are discussed.
Phospholipids, including phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphoinositides, have emerged as an ...important class of cellular messenger molecules in various cellular and physiological processes, of which PA attracts much attention of researchers. In addition to its effect on stimulating vesicle trafficking, many studies have demonstrated that PA plays a crucial role in various signaling pathways by binding target proteins and regulating their activity and subcellular localization. Here, we summarize the functional mechanisms and target proteins underlying PA‐mediated regulation of cellular signaling, development, hormonal responses, and stress responses in plants.
Phosphatidic acid has emerged as an important cellular messenger in various cellular and physiological processes, which functions by binding target proteins and regulating their activities and subcellular localizations. In this review, we summarize the functional mechanisms underlying PA‐mediated regulation of cellular signaling, development, hormonal responses, and stress responses in plants.
This paper uses explanatory variables to carry out the degree of executive unfairness on the stability of the team, using the number of members serving in the sample period to measure the stability ...of the executive team, the introduction of risk-taking, inefficient investment mediating variables on the role of corporate merger and acquisition behavior impact path. By calculating the causal relationship between executive team stability and corporate technological innovation performance, it is concluded that the degree of external positive inequity in compensation impacts corporate stability. It is found that the mean value of executive compensation in the agriculture and forestry industry is 0.287, the median is 0.193, and the average annual growth rate of average executive compensation is 24.2%, which can provide practical suggestions for corporate managers and decision-makers about compensation setting and team building.
A portable off‐road crawling hexapod robot Yao, Shun; Yao, Yan‐an; Liu, Ran ...
Journal of field robotics,
September 2022, 2022-09-00, 20220901, Letnik:
39, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Legged robot has attracted wide attention because of its outstanding mobility and flexibility in the off‐road environment. Benefitting from the smooth foot trajectory and the discrete footholds, the ...robot can traverse the rough terrains with a great maneuverability. This paper studies a portable off‐road crawling hexapod robot with a flat structure of Schatz linkage. The proposed crawling hexapod robot could be stacked flatly with a compact size, which is good for storage and transportation. What's more, the robot could play an important role in the search and rescue mission. It could protect the operator from an incident like a collapsing wall. The robot has four locomotion gaits to meet different demands on rough terrains, including the hexapod gait, the tripod gait, the butterfly stroke gait, and the escape gait. A prototype of the robot system is fabricated. A series of experiments and simulated search and rescue missions are conducted, and the results verify that the robot could traverse through the rough terrain and complete the tasks required in the search and rescue mission.
Zinc‐based flow batteries (ZFBs) are well suitable for stationary energy storage applications because of their high energy density and low‐cost advantages. Nevertheless, their wide application is ...still confronted with challenges, which are mainly from advanced materials. Therefore, research on advanced materials for ZFBs in terms of electrodes, membranes, and electrolytes as well as their chemistries are of the utmost importance. Herein, the focus is on the scientific understandings of the fundamental design of these advanced materials and their chemistries in relation to the battery performance. The principles of using different materials in different ZFB technologies, the functions and structure of the materials, and further material improvements are discussed in detail. Finally, the challenges and prospects of ZFBs are summarized as well. This review provides valuable instruction on how to design and develop new materials as well as new chemistries for ZFBs.
Zinc‐based flow battery technology has always been the cynosure in energy storage applications. Advanced materials, e.g., membranes, electrodes and electrolytes are very important to realize the widespread application of this technology. Herein, the scientific understandings of the fundamental design of the advanced materials and the chemistries in relation to the battery performance are reviewed and summarized.
In the search for a highly active bulk material for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under acidic conditions, we developed a simple solvothermal approach to synthesize Pd2B nanosheets supported ...on carbon, which achieves a low overpotential for the HER, 15.3 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 22.5 mV dec−1 and a high exchange current density (j0) of 2.84 mA cm−2. The atomic structure evolution from Pd to Pd2B catalyst during synthesis is analyzed in detail via experimental and theoretical calculations, which shows that the slow insertion of B is assisted by the layer-by-layer fcc-to-hcp phase transition. Theoretical calculations further revealed that both the subsurface B and the lattice expansion after the hcp lattice formation play a key role to boost the HER activity. Since the Pd2B crystal is the global minimum in the Pd–B alloy, the success in the synthesis and demonstration of high HER activity paves the way towards further exploration of the catalytic performance for this stable metal boride material.
The molecular mechanism controlling the zygotic genome activation (ZGA) in mammals remains poorly understood. The 2-cell (2C)-like cells spontaneously emerging from cultures of mouse embryonic stem ...cells (ESCs) share some key transcriptional and epigenetic programs with 2C-stage embryos. By studying the transition of ESCs into 2C-like cells, we identified developmental pluripotency associated 2 and 4 (Dppa2/4) as important regulators controlling zygotic transcriptional program through directly up-regulating the expression of double homeobox (Dux). In addition, we found that DPPA2 protein is sumoylated and its activity is negatively regulated by small ubiquitin-like modifier (Sumo) E3 ligase protein inhibitor of activated STAT 4 (PIAS4). PIAS4 is down-regulated during ZGA process and during transitioning of ESCs into 2C-like cells. Depleting Pias4 or overexpressing Dppa2/4 is sufficient to activate 2C-like transcriptional program, whereas depleting Dppa2/4 or forced expression of Pias4 or Sumo2-Dppa2 inhibits 2C-like transcriptional program. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Pias4 or Sumo2-Dppa2 impairs early mouse embryo development. In summary, our study identifies key molecular rivals consisting of transcription factors and a Sumo2 E3 ligase that regulate zygotic transcriptional program upstream of Dux.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Quinones with their structural diversity and electrochemical reversibility are among the most promising organic electrode materials. One distinct feature of quinones is their cross-conjugated ...structure, the importance of which in the design of organic electrode materials is so far overlooked. Here we report the design, synthesis, and characterizations of two cross-conjugated quinone oligomers (PBDTD and PBDTDS) and their nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes as potential low-cost organic electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. We investigate the effect of conjugation structure and molecular conformations (planar vs. helical) on electrochemical properties such as electronic conductivity, ionic conductivity, and electrode kinetics. Both quinones deliver similar specific capacity over 200mAhg–1 at 2.5V versus Li/Li+ with excellent stability over 250 cycles. In particular, the difference in their rate performance is mainly determined by two aspects. First, cross-conjugation of PBDTD becomes electron transport-favorable through-conjugation after reduction, while PBDTDS is always cross-conjugated. Second, the planar conformation of PBDTD facilitates electron-transfer compared with the helical PBDTDS. This work provides insights into the popular yet less understood cross-conjugated quinone-based electrode materials and will stimulate the design of better quinone materials to achieve high-performance organic batteries.
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•Cross-conjugated oligomeric quinones are studied as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries.•Both quinones deliver over 200mAhg–1 of specific capacity with excellent cycling stability.•PBDTD adopts a planar conformation that favors inter-chain electron transport.
The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak is a major challenge for public health. SARS-CoV-2 infection in human has a broad clinical spectrum ranging from mild to severe cases, with a ...mortality rate of ~6.4% worldwide (based on World Health Organization daily situation report). However, the dynamics of viral infection, replication and shedding are poorly understood. Here, we show that Rhesus macaques are susceptible to the infection by SARS-CoV-2. After intratracheal inoculation, the first peak of viral RNA was observed in oropharyngeal swabs one day post infection (1 d.p.i.), mainly from the input of the inoculation, while the second peak occurred at 5 d.p.i., which reflected on-site replication in the respiratory tract. Histopathological observation shows that SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause interstitial pneumonia in animals, characterized by hyperemia and edema, and infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes in alveoli. We also identified SARS-CoV-2 RNA in respiratory tract tissues, including trachea, bronchus and lung; and viruses were also re-isolated from oropharyngeal swabs, bronchus and lung, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated that neutralizing antibodies generated from the primary infection could protect the Rhesus macaques from a second-round challenge by SARS-CoV-2. The non-human primate model that we established here provides a valuable platform to study SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and to evaluate candidate vaccines and therapeutics.
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