Secure localization of vehicles is gaining the attention of researchers from both academia and industry especially due to the emergence of internet of things (IoT). The modern vehicles are usually ...equipped with circuitries that gives connectivity with other vehicles and with cellular networks such as 4G/Fifth generation cellar network (5G). The challenge of secure localization and positioning is magnified further with the invention of technologies such as autonomous or driverless vehicles based on IoT, satellite, and 5G. Some satellite and IoT based localization techniques exploit machine learning, semantic segmentation, and access control mechanism. Access control provides access grant and secure information sharing mechanism to authorized users and restricts unauthorized users, which is necessary regarding security and privacy of government or military vehicles. Previously, static conflict of interest (COI) based access control was used for security proposes. However, static COI based access control creates excesses and administrative overload that creates latency in execution, which is the least tolerable factor in modern IoT or 5G control vehicles. Therefore, in this paper, a hybrid access control (HAC) model is proposed that implements the dynamic COI in the HAC model on the level of roles. The proposed model is enhanced by modifying the role-based access control (RBAC) model by inserting new attributes of the RBAC entities. The HAC model deals with COI on the level of roles in an efficient manner as compared to previously proposed models. Moreover, this model features significant improvement in terms of dynamic behavior, decreased administrative load, and security especially for vehicular localization. Furthermore, the mathematical modeling of the proposed model is implemented with an example scenario to validate the concept.
In any nation, the judicial system is essential to maintaining the rule of law and administering justice. The trial levels and jurisdiction of Pakistan's legal system are examined in this abstract. ...Pakistan's judicial system is hierarchical, with multiple tiers to handle various case kinds and conflicts. District and session courts handle both criminal and civil cases at the lowest tier. Ascending the judicial hierarchy, every province comprises high courts that have the authority to hear appeals from subordinate courts and have original jurisdiction over certain cases. As the highest court in Pakistan, the Supreme Court is tasked with interpreting the constitution, assessing rulings from subordinate courts, and acting as the last court of appeals. Specialized tribunals are also in place to handle particular legal matters. Gaining an understanding of the Trial levels and jurisdiction in the Pakistani legal system is crucial to understanding the composition and operation of the legal system in that nation. This research illuminates the essential elements of Pakistan's legal system by offering a succinct synopsis of the trial levels and jurisdiction.
This study explores the use of communication and social mechanisms by the manufacturer to achieve flexibility within the supply chain. Measures are used to validate and accept theory by employing ...PLS-SEM to analyze 300 survey samples from senior management at SMEs in Pakistan. Results validate that using influence strategies has positive effects on flexibility. Furthermore, requests made by a manufacturer to its supplier was significantly positive and measured. The effects of confidence building measures on combined vision is positively associated to manufacturer flexibility. Impact of trust on flexibility was also found to be positive, whereas trust positively promotes shared vision. Implications suggest that for the manufacturer to achieve flexibility, balancing social mechanisms is necessary.
The legal relationships between parties engaged in contracts in Pakistan are governed by the Contract Act of 1872. This act defines the rules for making and enforcing contracts, and outlines the ...rights and obligations of the parties involved. It covers various aspects related to contracts such as offer and acceptance, consideration, breach of contract, and remedies. The Council of Islamic Ideology Pakistan has issued recommendations on applying Islamic principles to contracts in relation to the Contract Act of 1872. The Council emphasizes the importance of following Islamic principles in contractual relationships, including mutual consent, fairness, and justice. Fatawa is a concept in Islamic law that refers to legal opinions or religious rulings issued by qualified Islamic scholars or muftis. The Council of Islamic Ideology Pakistan has issued fatawa to provide guidance on applying Islamic principles to contractual relationships in the context of the Contract Act of 1872. These fatawa provide a valuable resource for interpreting the Contract Act of 1872 in light of Islamic principles and emphasize the importance of ensuring that contractual relationships are based on fairness and justice, which aligns with the fundamental principles of Islamic law. Overall, the Council's recommendations and fatawa provide guidance for applying Islamic principles to contractual relationships, which can help ensure that contracts are entered into in a manner that is consistent with the Contract Act of 1872 and the principles of Islamic law.
The legal relationships between parties engaged in contracts in Pakistan are governed by the Contract Act of 1872. This act defines the rules for making and enforcing contracts, and outlines the ...rights and obligations of the parties involved. It covers various aspects related to contracts such as offer and acceptance, consideration, breach of contract, and remedies. The Council of Islamic Ideology Pakistan has issued recommendations on applying Islamic principles to contracts in relation to the Contract Act of 1872. The Council emphasizes the importance of following Islamic principles in contractual relationships, including mutual consent, fairness, and justice. Fatawa is a concept in Islamic law that refers to legal opinions or religious rulings issued by qualified Islamic scholars or muftis. The Council of Islamic Ideology Pakistan has issued fatawa to provide guidance on applying Islamic principles to contractual relationships in the context of the Contract Act of 1872. These fatawa provide a valuable resource for interpreting the Contract Act of 1872 in light of Islamic principles and emphasize the importance of ensuring that contractual relationships are based on fairness and justice, which aligns with the fundamental principles of Islamic law. Overall, the Council's recommendations and fatawa provide guidance for applying Islamic principles to contractual relationships, which can help ensure that contracts are entered into in a manner that is consistent with the Contract Act of 1872 and the principles of Islamic law.
Localization of multiple targets is a challenging task due to immense complexity regarding data fusion received at the sensors. In this context, we propose an algorithm to solve the problem for an ...unknown number of emitters without prior knowledge to address the data fusion problem. The proposed technique combines the time difference of arrival (TDOA) and frequency difference of arrival (FDOA) measurement data fusion which further uses the maximum likelihood of the measurements received at each sensor of the surveillance region. The measurement grids of the sensors are used to perform data association. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the multipass grid search and further effectively eliminated the ghost targets created due to the fusion of measurements received at each sensor. Moreover, the proposed algorithm reduces the computational complexity compared to other existing algorithms as it does not use repeated steps for convergence or any biological evolutions. Furthermore, the experimental testing of the proposed technique was executed successfully for tracking multiple targets in different scenarios passively.
Nanodiamond（ND） powder was successfully activated by wet chemical method and by exposure of UV/O3 in a chamber followed by mixing in triethylenetetramine（TETA） solution.The reinforcement role of ...activated ND in the mechanical properties of epoxy matrix was studied.Both treatments,i.e.acid and UV/O3 provide ND surface with chemical functionalities for adhesion with epoxy resin.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to confirm the attachment of surface groups to the ND particles.The low content of acid and UV/O3 activated ND was dispersed ultrasonically in the epoxy matrix separately to make nanocomposites.The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated under three point bending.The strong interactions among activated ND particles and the epoxy resin provide efficient load transfer interfaces,which enhances the mechanical properties of the composites.It was found that the flexural strength,modulus,and toughness of 0.1 wt%ND loaded nanocomposites have been enhanced up to 85%,57%,and 39%,respectively for UV/O3 treated ND powder.It is also found that the optimum ND concentration to achieve maximum reinforcement is 0.1 wt%while higher concentrations lead to decrease in mechanical properties.The significant improvement of the mechanical properties of the ND/epoxy nanocomposites is attributed to the good dispersion of the functionalized ND in epoxy matrix.
This research examines the heterogeneous dynamic links among healthcare expenditures, land urbanization, and CO2 emissions across the development levels of China. To this end, data of 27 Chinese ...provinces are considered from 1999 to 2018. Theoretically, this research developed a healthcare expenditures-augmented Stochastic Impacts of Regression by Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model to incorporate healthcare expenditures as a determinant of affluence. Empirically, this research established a system of simultaneous equations based on the healthcare expenditures-augmented STIRPAT model to estimate the links among the variables. As a pre-analysis, second-generation Westerlund cointegration is applied and found the long-term equilibrium association among the variables. The long-run estimations and short-run causality are done by employing dynamic common correlated effects mean group method (DCCEMGM) and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality. A heterogeneous long-run equilibrium linkage is confirmed to exist among the variables of interest. Concerning the long-run estimates, firstly, the healthcare expenditures growth and land urbanization exhibited a bilateral positive link. Secondly, CO2 emissions and healthcare expenditures growth manifested the existence of a bilateral positive link. And thirdly, a unilateral positive (negative) link is revealed to exist from a linear term (squared term) of land urbanization to CO2 emissions. Concerning the short-run results, firstly, a bilateral causal bond exists between the land urbanization and healthcare expenditures growth. Secondly, a bilateral causal bond prevails between CO2 emissions growth and healthcare expenditures growth. Finally, a unilateral causal bond is operational from land urbanization to CO2 emissions growth. In terms of the nature of the link, the long-run findings are consistent across the data samples. However, considering the degree of influence, heterogeneity is confirmed across the development levels for both long- and short-run. It infers that relatively more (less) developed regions showed relatively strong (weak) influence. Based on empirical findings, relevant policies are recommended.
Display omitted
•Integrated healthcare expenditures to STIRPAT model as a component of ‘Affluence’•Westerlund's cointegration and dynamic common correlated effects mean group method were applied.•Healthcare expenditures, land urbanization, and CO2 emissions were interlinked in the long-run.•Bilateral positive causal bond of healthcare expenditures with land urbanization and CO2 emissions•Unilateral positive (negative) causal bond of land urbanization (squared land urbanization) with CO2 emissions
The aim of this study is to evaluate the mobility/availability of potentially toxic elements in the soil of public parks to assess the environmental quality and potential health risks. The ...concentrations of 16 selected metals (Ca, Mg, Sr, K, Na, Li, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ag, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) in the soil samples collected from 20 parks located in Lahore, Pakistan were measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using modified BCR sequential extraction during summer and winter season. In the exchangeable soil fraction, highest mean concentration was found for Ca, followed by Mg, K, Na and Mn, while in the reducible soil fraction, relatively higher mean levels were noted for Ca, Fe, Mg, K and Mn. In the case of oxidisable soil fraction, Fe, Mg, K, Na, Ca, Mn and Pb were the dominant contributors among the selected metals. Comparatively higher mobility and bioavailability in the soil was shown by Ca, Sr, Pb, Cd, Na, Ag, Co, Mn, and Zn while Cr, K, Li, Fe and Cu were found mainly in the residual fraction. Cluster analysis demonstrated anthropogenic intrusions of Cd, Pb, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Zn and Na in the park soil. The pollution assessment revealed that the soil of the public parks was heavily to extremely polluted by Cd, followed by moderate to significant contamination for Pb and Zn. The modified degree of contamination (1.48 and 1.88 in summer and winter, respectively) exhibited an overall low degree of contamination. The health risk assessment showed that the calculated values were within the safe limit thereby indicating no significant non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic heath risk to the exposed population. The study offers more insights to control the environmental and human health risks of trace metals in public parks by reducing the soil pollution and it will provide critical information for policy makers to formulate effective pollution control strategies.
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