In this letter, we present a reversible data hiding scheme based on histogram modification. We exploit a binary tree structure to solve the problem of communicating pairs of peak points. Distribution ...of pixel differences is used to achieve large hiding capacity while keeping the distortion low. We also adopt a histogram shifting technique to prevent overflow and underflow. Performance comparisons with other existing schemes are provided to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme.
The inhibitory effect of melatonin on cancer cell dissemination is well established, yet the functional involvement of lncRNAs in melatonin signaling remains poorly understood. In this study, we ...identified a melatonin‐attenuated lncRNA acting as a potential melatonin‐regulated oral cancer stimulator (MROS‐1). Downregulation of MROS‐1 by melatonin suppressed TPA‐induced oral cancer migration through replenishing the protein expression of prune homolog 2 (PRUNE2), which functioned as a tumor suppressor in oral cancer. Melatonin‐mediated MROS‐1/PRUNE2 expression and cell motility in oral cancer were regulated largely through the activation of JAK‐STAT pathway. In addition, MROS‐1, preferentially localized in the nuclei, promoted oral cancer migration in an epigenetic mechanism in which it modulates PRUNE2 expression by interacting with a member of the DNA methylation machinery, DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A). Higher methylation levels of PRUNE2 promoter were associated with nodal metastases and inversely correlated with PRUNE2 expression in head and neck cancer. Collectively, these findings suggest that MROS‐1, serving as a functional mediator of melatonin signaling, could predispose patients with oral cancer to metastasize and may be implicated as a potential target for antimetastatic therapies.
Solution‐processed small‐molecule bulk heterojunction (BHJ) ambipolar organic thin‐film transistors are fabricated based on a combination of 2‐phenylbenzod,d'thieno3,2‐b;4,5‐b'dithiophene (P‐BTDT) : ...2‐(4‐n‐octylphenyl)benzod,d'thieno3,2‐b;4,5‐b'dithiophene (OP‐BTDT) and C60. Treating high electrical performance vacuum‐deposited P‐BTDT organic semiconductors with a newly developed solution‐processed organic semiconductor material, OP‐BTDT, in an optimized ratio yields a solution‐processed p‐channel organic semiconductor blend with carrier mobility as high as 0.65 cm2 V−1 s−1. An optimized blending of P‐BTDT:OP‐BTDT with the n‐channel semiconductor, C60, results in a BHJ ambipolar transistor with balanced carrier mobilities for holes and electrons of 0.03 and 0.02 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. Furthermore, a complementary‐like inverter composed of two ambipolar thin‐film transistors is demonstrated, which achieves a gain of 115.
Solution‐processed small‐molecule bulk heterojunction (BHJ) ambipolar organic thin‐film transistors fabricated by blending two p‐channel benzod,d'thieno3,2‐b;4,5‐b'dithiophene (BTDT) derivatives with n‐channel C60 result in balanced hole and electron carrier mobilities. A complementary‐like inverter composed of two ambipolar thin‐film transistors with a gain of 115 is achieved.
Metastasis of the cancer cells to the regional lymph nodes parts of the body remains an important cause of treatment failure in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients. Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate ...(EGCG), the most important ingredient in the green tea, has been reported to possess antioxidant and anticancer activities. However, the effects of EGCG on NPC cell metastasis are still unclear. In the present study, we examined the in vitro antimetastatic properties of EGCG on human NPC cells, NPC‐39, HONE‐1 and NPC‐BM. The results revealed that EGCG considerably inhibited the migration abilities of three NPC cells. The matrix metalloproteinases‐2 (MMP‐2) activity and expression were also significantly inhibited by EGCG treatment. Furthermore, EGCG suppressed the phosphorylation of the Src signaling pathway. Moreover, blocking the Src pathway also inhibits MMP‐2 expression and migration in the NPC cells. In conclusion, this study revealed that EGCG could inhibit the metastatic activity of human NPC cells by downregulating the protein expression of MMP‐2 through modulation of the Src signaling pathway, suggesting that EGCG may be a potential candidate for chemoprevention of NPC.
This study revealed that epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) could inhibit the metastatic activity of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells by downregulating the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases‐2 through modulation of the Src signaling pathway, suggesting that EGCG may be a potential candidate for chemoprevention of NPC.
Geraniin has been reported to have numerous biological activities, including antiviral, antihypertensive, antihyperglycaemic, liver protective, antidiabetic, and apoptotic activities. However, the ...anti‐migration effects of geraniin on oral cancer remain elusive. In this study, we revealed the potential antitumor mechanisms of geraniin through the inhibition of the migration and invasion of human oral cancer cell lines SCC‐9 and SCC‐14. The results of gelatin zymography and Western blot assays revealed that geraniin significantly reduced the activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) of oral cancer cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. Furthermore, geraniin potently suppressed the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Src, and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 but did not affect the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase 1/2. Moreover, blocking the MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway significantly enhanced the anti‐migration ability of geraniin in oral cancer cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that geraniin inhibits the motility of SCC‐9 and SCC‐14 cells in vitro through a molecular mechanism that involves the attenuation of MMP‐2 expression and activity mediated by decreased FAK/Src and ERK1/2 pathways.
To understand the impact of social, financial, cultural capitals, negative culture, and socioeconomic status of families on educational aspiration in the senior high school student athletes, it will ...be beneficial to promote their career developments. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of ethnicity, year of sport experience family income, the educational expectations of significant others, and the three aforementioned types of capital on educational aspiration among the senior high school student athletes. This study was conducted with a sample of 262 U-18 male baseball student athletes. Of the participants, 20.20% had attained the qualifications to play on the national team. The results showed that monthly family income positively affected social capital and positively indirectly affected educational aspirations through social capital, whereas monthly family income negatively affected negative culture and positively affected educational aspirations through negative culture. Moreover, social capital positively affected educational aspirations compared with negative culture negatively affected educational aspirations. The results serve as a reference for the formulation of educational policy as it relates to student athletes.
Tumour necrosis family superfamily (TNFSF) member 15 (TNFSF15), encoded by TNFSF15, regulates immune responses and inflammation. However, the roles of TNFSF15 single‐nucleotide variants (SNVs; ...formerly SNPs) in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) remain unclear. This case–control study included 2523 participants (1324 patients with OCSCC 52.5% and 1199 healthy controls 47.5%). The effects of TNFSF15 rs3810936, rs6478108 and rs6478109 on cancer development and prognosis were analysed by real‐time PCR genotype assay. The Genotype‐Tissue Expression (GTEx) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were used to validate our findings. The results demonstrated that the patients with altered TNFSF15 SNVs had poorer histological differentiation than did those with wild‐type alleles. TNFSF15 SNVs were significantly associated with moderate‐to‐poor histological differentiation in univariate logistic regression. In the GTEx database, the expression of altered TNFSF15 SNVs in whole blood was lower than that of wild‐type alleles. However, the expression of altered SNVs in the upper aerodigestive mucosa was higher than that of wild‐type alleles. In the TCGA database, the patients with higher TNFSF15 expression had shorter overall survival than did those with lower TNFSF15 expression, especially for human papillomavirus‐negative and advanced staging groups. In conclusion, although TNFSF15 SNVs did not affect OCSCC development, the patients with altered TNFSF15 SNVs exhibited poorer histological differentiation. The patients with higher TNFSF15 expression had poorer prognosis than did those with lower TNFSF15 expression.
Childhood cancer management has improved considerably, with the overall objective of preventing early‐life cancers completely. However, cancer remains a major cause of death in children, with the ...survivors developing anticancer treatment‐specific health problems. Therefore, the anticancer treatment needs further improvement. Melatonin is a effective antioxidant and circadian pacemaker. Through multiple mechanisms, melatonin has significant positive effects on multitude adult cancers by increasing survival and treatment response rates, and slowing disease progression. In addition, melatonin appears to be safe for children. As an appealing therapeutic agent, we herein address several key concerns regarding melatonin's potential for treating children with cancer.
Melatonin has significant positive effects on multitude adult cancers by increasing survival and treatment response rates, and slowing disease progression.
Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) is associated with insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and tumorigenesis. However, the association between the IGF2BP2 polymorphism and ...oral cancer risk remains unclear. We recruited 1349 male patients with oral cancer and 1198 cancer-free controls. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms IGF2BP2 rs11705701, rs4402960, and rs1470579 were assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results indicate that the male patients with oral cancer and with the rs11705701 GA+AA, rs4402960 GT+TT, and rs1470579 AC+CC genotypes had increased risk of advanced clinical stage, larger tumor, and progression of lymph node metastasis compared with those with wild-type IGF2BP2. Moreover, according to The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset, high expression of the IGF2BP2 gene is associated with poor survival in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In conclusion, our results suggest that IGF2BP2 polymorphisms are associated with less favorable oral cancer clinical characteristics.
Melatonin exerts antimetastatic effects on liver and breast cancer and also inhibits matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. However, the detailed impacts and underlying mechanisms of melatonin on ...oral cancer cell metastasis are still unclear. This study showed that melatonin attenuated the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced migration of oral cancer cell lines, HSC-3 and OECM-1. Zymography, quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blotting analyses revealed that melatonin lessened MMP-9 enzyme activity as well as the expression of MMP-9 mRNA and protein. Furthermore, melatonin suppressed the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 signalling pathway, which dampened MMP-9 gene transcription by affecting the expression of transcriptional coactivators, such as CREB-binding protein (CREBBP) and E1A binding protein p300 (EP300), and decreasing histone acetylation in HSC-3 and OECM-1 cells. Examinations on clinical samples exhibited that MMP-9, CREBBP, and EP300 were significantly increased in oral cancer tissues. Moreover, the relative level of CREBBP was positively correlated with the expression of MMP-9 and EP300. In conclusion, we demonstrated that melatonin inhibits the motility of HSC-3 and OECM-1 cells in vitro through a molecular mechanism that involves attenuation of MMP-9 expression and activity mediated by decreased histone acetylation.
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