Radiomics and machine learning-based methods offer exciting opportunities for improving diagnostic performance and efficiency in musculoskeletal radiology for various tasks, including acute injuries, ...chronic conditions, spinal abnormalities, and neoplasms. While early radiomics-based methods were often limited to a smaller number of higher-order image feature extractions, applying machine learning-based analytic models, multifactorial correlations, and classifiers now permits big data processing and testing thousands of features to identify relevant markers. A growing number of novel deep learning-based methods describe magnetic resonance imaging- and computed tomography-based algorithms for diagnosing anterior cruciate ligament tears, meniscus tears, articular cartilage defects, rotator cuff tears, fractures, metastatic skeletal disease, and soft tissue tumors. Initial radiomics and deep learning techniques have focused on binary detection tasks, such as determining the presence or absence of a single abnormality and differentiation of benign versus malignant. Newer-generation algorithms aim to include practically relevant multiclass characterization of detected abnormalities, such as typing and malignancy grading of neoplasms. So-called delta-radiomics assess tumor features before and after treatment, with temporal changes of radiomics features serving as surrogate markers for tumor responses to treatment. New approaches also predict treatment success rates, surgical resection completeness, and recurrence risk. Practice-relevant goals for the next generation of algorithms include diagnostic whole-organ and advanced classification capabilities. Important research objectives to fill current knowledge gaps include well-designed research studies to understand how diagnostic performances and suggested efficiency gains of isolated research settings translate into routine daily clinical practice. This article summarizes current radiomics- and machine learning-based magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography approaches for musculoskeletal disease detection and offers a perspective on future goals and objectives.
Aims
This study was conducted to assess the effects of acute heat stress (HS) on intestinal microbiota, and the associations with the changes in feed intake (FI) and serum profile.
Methods and ...Results
Twenty four individually housed pigs (Duroc × Large White × Landrace, 30 ± 1 kg body weight) were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments (8 pigs/treatment): (i) thermal neutral (TN) conditions (25 ± 1°C), (ii) HS conditions (35 ± 1°C), (iii) pair‐feeding (PF) with HS under TN conditions. After 24‐h treatment, pigs were monitored to assess FI, and samples of serum and faeces were collected to investigate serum profile, microbial composition and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The results showed that HS decreased (P < 0·05) FI compared with the TN group. Compared with TN group, HS changed the serum profile by affecting biochemical parameters and hormones related with energy metabolism and stress response; immune indicators were also altered in HS group. Most of changes in serum profile were independent of FI reduction. Additionally, HS shifted the diversity and composition of faecal microbial community by increasing (P < 0·05) Proteobacteria and decreasing (P < 0·05) Bacteroidetes. Moreover, HS decreased (P < 0·05) the concentrations of propionate, butyrate, valerate, iso‐valerate and total SCFAs in faeces in an FI‐independent manner. Furthermore, the Spearman correlation analysis implied that changes of serum profile have potential correlation with alterations of faecal microbiota and their SCFAs metabolites in acute HS‐treated grow‐finishing pigs.
Conclusions
Metabolism disorders caused by 24‐h acute HS associated with changes of faecal microbiota and their SCFAs metabolites in an FI‐independent manner in grow‐finishing pigs.
Significance and Impact of the Study
These results give us a new insight of the intestinal damage caused by acute HS and the underlying mechanisms.
Subgingival microorganisms are potentially associated with periodontal diseases. However, changes in the subgingival microbiota during the progress of periodontal diseases are poorly understood. In ...this study, we analyzed bacterial communities in the subgingival paper point samples from 32 Korean individuals with no sign of disease, gingivitis, or periodontitis using 454 FLX Titanium pyrosequencing. A total of 256,113 reads representing 26 phyla, 433 genera, and 1,016 species were detected. Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Synergistetes, and Spirochaetes were the abundant phyla in periodontitis subjects, whereas Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were identified as the dominant phyla in the gingivitis and healthy subjects, respectively. Although high levels of Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Fretibacterium, Rothia, Filifactor, and Treponema genera were observed in the periodontitis subjects, Streptococcus, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Haemophilus genera were found at high frequency in the gingivitis subjects. Species including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Fretibacterium fastidiosum were significantly increased in periodontitis subjects. On the other hand, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, and Leptotrichia hongkongensis were preferentially observed in the gingivitis subjects. Intriguingly, the halophile Halomonas hamiltonii was revealed as a predominant species in the healthy subjects. Based on Fast UniFrac analysis, distinctive bacterial clusters were classified for the healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis state. The current findings might be useful for understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontal diseases.
Impressive performance of hybrid perovskite solar cells reported in recent years still awaits a comprehensive understanding of its microscopic origins. In this work, the intrinsic Hall mobility and ...photocarrier recombination coefficient are directly measured in these materials in steady-state transport studies. The results show that electron-hole recombination and carrier trapping rates in hybrid perovskites are very low. The bimolecular recombination coefficient (10(-11) to 10(-10) cm(3) s(-1)) is found to be on par with that in the best direct-band inorganic semiconductors, even though the intrinsic Hall mobility in hybrid perovskites is considerably lower (up to 60 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)). Measured here, steady-state carrier lifetimes (of up to 3 ms) and diffusion lengths (as long as 650 μm) are significantly longer than those in high-purity crystalline inorganic semiconductors. We suggest that these experimental findings are consistent with the polaronic nature of charge carriers, resulting from an interaction of charges with methylammonium dipoles.
Background and Objective
Phelligridin D is a hispidin analogue from the mushroom Phellinus baumii that is widely used as a food source in East Asia. This study tested phelligridin D for the ...anti‐inflammatory effect and mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs). The objective of this study was to clarify whether the anti‐inflammatory function of phelligridin D affects periodontal regeneration for supporting the HPDLCs of teeth.
Material and Methods
Primary HPDLCs were isolated from healthy teeth and then cultured. The anti‐inflammatory function, mechanism and differentiation molecules were verified with reactive oxygen species generation and western blot analysis in LPS‐induced HPDLCs.
Results
HPDLCs showed increased inflammatory molecules (intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1) and decreased osteogenic proteins (bone morphogenetic protein‐7, Osterix and runt‐related transcription factor 2) by LPS treatment. Phelligridin D decreased inflammatory molecules and increased osteogenic molecules via downregulation of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and c‐jun N‐terminal kinases pathway among the mitogen‐activated protein kinase, followed by blocking of nuclear factor kappa‐B translocation from cytosol to nucleus. In addition, phelligridin D showed antioxidant properties by reducing reactive oxygen species activity. Finally, the anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant function of phelligridin D promoted the periodontal differentiation of HPDLCs.
Conclusion
These results suggest that phelligridin D supports teeth on the alveolar bone against outside stress, and may be used as an anti‐inflammatory compound for the prevention of periodontitis or periodontal regenerative related disease.
The RENO experiment has observed the disappearance of reactor electron antineutrinos, consistent with neutrino oscillations, with a significance of 4.9 standard deviations. Antineutrinos from six 2.8 ... GW(th) reactors at the Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant in Korea, are detected by two identical detectors located at 294 and 1383 m, respectively, from the reactor array center. In the 229 d data-taking period between 11 August 2011 and 26 March 2012, the far (near) detector observed 17102 (154088) electron antineutrino candidate events with a background fraction of 5.5% (2.7%). The ratio of observed to expected numbers of antineutrinos in the far detector is 0.920±0.009(stat)±0.014(syst). From this deficit, we determine sin(2)2θ(13)=0.113±0.013(stat)±0.019(syst) based on a rate-only analysis.
Hall effect measurements are important for elucidating the fundamental charge transport mechanisms and intrinsic mobility in organic semiconductors. However, Hall effect studies frequently reveal an ...unconventional behavior that cannot be readily explained with the simple band-semiconductor Hall effect model. Here, we develop an analytical model of Hall effect in organic field-effect transistors in a regime of coexisting band and hopping carriers. The model, which is supported by the experiments, is based on a partial Hall voltage compensation effect, occurring because hopping carriers respond to the transverse Hall electric field and drift in the direction opposite to the Lorentz force acting on band carriers. We show that this can lead in particular to an underdeveloped Hall effect observed in organic semiconductors with substantial off-diagonal thermal disorder. Our model captures the main features of Hall effect in a variety of organic semiconductors and provides an analytical description of Hall mobility, carrier density and carrier coherence factor.
Epileptic encephalopathies are severe epilepsy disorders with strong genetic bases. We performed targeted next‐generation sequencing (NGS) in 70 patients with epileptic encephalopathies. The likely ...pathogenicity of variants in candidate genes was evaluated by American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) scoring taken together with the accepted clinical presentation. Thirty‐three candidate variants were detected after population filtration and computational prediction. According to ACMG, 21 candidate variants, including 18 de novo variants, were assessed to be pathogenic/likely pathogenic with clinical concordance. Twelve variants were initially assessed as uncertain significance by ACMG, among which 3 were considered causative and 3 others were considered possibly causative after analysis of clinical concordance. In total, 24 variants were identified as putatively causative, among which 19 were novel findings. SCN1A mutations were identified in 50% of patients with Dravet syndrome. TSC1/TSC2 mutations were detected in 66.7% of patients with tuberous sclerosis. STXBP1 mutations were the main findings in patients with West syndrome. Mutations in SCN2A, KCNT1, KCNQ2 and CLCN4 were identified in patients with epileptic infantile with migrating focal seizures; among them, KCNQ2 and CLCN4 were first identified as potential causative genes. Only one CHD2 mutation was detected in patients with Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome. This study highlighted the utility of targeted NGS in genetic diagnoses of epileptic encephalopathies and a comprehensive evaluation of the pathogenicity of variants based on ACMG scoring and assessment of clinical concordance. Epileptic encephalopathies differ in genetic causes, and the genotype‐phenotype correlations would provide insights into the underlying pathogenic mechanisms.
We identified 24 causative mutations (19 novel) in a cohort of 70 EE patients and delineated new phenotype associated with CLCN4 and KCNQ2.
Aim
To examine the properties of Schisandrin C as an anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant compound, and whether its characteristics promote mitochondrial biogenesis in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs).
...Methodology
HDPCs were extracted from fresh third molars and cultured for experiments. Reactive oxidative stress (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) formation were analysed by a Muse cell analyser. Western blotting and gelatin zymography were used to identify the presence of antioxidants, as well as anti‐inflammatory and mitochondrial biogenesis with specific antibody. An unpaired Student's t‐test was used for statistical analysis.
Results
Schisandrin C inhibited lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated inflammatory molecules; interleukin 1 beta, tumour necrosis factor alpha, intracellular adhesion molecule‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and ‐9, NO production, ROS formation, nuclear factor kappa B translocation (P < 0.05) through the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway. Schisandrin C increased the expression of superoxide dismutase enzymes as well as haem oxygenase‐1 and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1‐alpha through the phosphorylated‐protein kinase B (p‐Akt) and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor‐2 pathways (P < 0.05). The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Schisandrin C promoted mitochondrial biogenesis.
Conclusions
Schisandrin C has the potential to reduce inflammation and oxidation and to promote mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, Schisandrin C may be considered for use as an anti‐inflammatory compound for oral inflammation through mitochondrial biogenesis.
Directions of rectification and photocurrent in a ferroelectric BiFeO3 crystal can be switched by applying high‐voltage pulses at room temperature. The switching is highly repeatable though cycling ...and also stable with time. This switchable photocurrent and diode effect results from the combination of polarization flipping and electromigration of oxygen vacancies.
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