A
bstract
We consider the thermal effects into the evaluation of the dark matter production process. With the assistance of the right handed neutrinos, the freeze-in massive particle dark matter ...production history can be modified by the two-step phase transitions. The kinematic of decay/inverse decay or annihilation processes can be affected by the finite temperature effects as the Universe cools down. The history of the symmetry respected by the model can be revealed by the DM relic abundance evolution processes. The strong first order electroweak phase transition generated gravitational waves can be probed. The number of extra scalars for the Hierarchy problem can be probed through the Higgs off-shell searches at the LHC.
The Γ-function, or the effective potential of a gauge field theory should comply with the Nielsen identity, which implies how the effective potential evolves as we shift the gauge-fixing term. In ...this paper, relying on an abelian toy model, we aim at proving this identity in a diagrammatic form with the R‾ξ gauge. The basic idea is to find out the ghost chain after partially differentiating the diagram by the ξ parameter, and shrink the waists of the diagram into points to separate the bulk-part and C-part of the diagrams. The calculations can be generalized to the models implemented with non-abelian groups, multiple Higgs and fermion multiplets, and to the finite temperature cases.
In this paper, we propose a novel low-rank appearance model for removing rain streaks. Different from previous work, our method needs neither rain pixel detection nor time-consuming dictionary ...learning stage. Instead, as rain streaks usually reveal similar and repeated patterns on imaging scene, we propose and generalize a low-rank model from matrix to tensor structure in order to capture the spatio-temporally correlated rain streaks. With the appearance model, we thus remove rain streaks from image/video (and also other high-order image structure) in a unified way. Our experimental results demonstrate competitive (or even better) visual quality and efficient run-time in comparison with state of the art.
Hybridization is emerged as a promising strategy in the discovery of new drugs, especially these with complimentary activities and multiple pharmacological targets that are the potential weapons to ...prevent the drug resistance. Currently, several hybrids are under different stages of clinical trial, and may be introduced into clinical practice to treat various diseases in the near future. Triazoles including 1,2,3‐triazole and 1,2,4‐triazole as well as coumarins occupy an important position in medicinal chemistry attribute to their various biological activities, and some of them have been used in clinical practice. Obviously, hybridization of these two pharmacophores may lead to novel candidates with broader spectrum, more effective, lower toxicity, and multiple mechanisms of action. This review aims to outline the biological activities of coumarin–triazole hybrids, and discuss their structure–activity relationship to pave the way for the further rational development of this kind of hybrids.
Polyene polyketides amphotericin B (AMB) and nystatin (NYS) are important antifungal drugs. Thioesterases (TEs), located at the last module of PKS, control the release of polyketides by cyclization ...or hydrolysis. Intrigued by the tiny structural difference between AMB and NYS, as well as the high sequence identity between AMB TE and NYS TE, we constructed four systems to study the structural characteristics, catalytic mechanism, and product release of AMB TE and NYS TE with combined MD simulations and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations. The results indicated that compared with AMB TE, NYS TE shows higher specificity on its natural substrate and R26 as well as D186 were proposed to a key role in substrate recognition. The energy barrier of macrocyclization in AMB‐TE‐Amb and AMB‐TE‐Nys systems were calculated to be 14.0 and 22.7 kcal/mol, while in NYS‐TE‐Nys and NYS‐TE‐Amb systems, their energy barriers were 17.5 and 25.7 kcal/mol, suggesting the cyclization with their natural substrates were more favorable than that with exchanged substrates. At last, the binding free energy obtained with the MM‐PBSA.py program suggested that it was easier for natural products to leave TE enzymes after cyclization. And key residues to the departure of polyketide product from the active site were highlighted. We provided a catalytic overview of AMB TE and NYS TE including substrate recognition, catalytic mechanism and product release. These will improve the comprehension of polyene polyketide TEs and benefit for broadening the substrate flexibility of polyketide TEs.
Exosomes released by cells can serve as vehicles for delivery of biological materials and signals. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs longer than 200 nt, which roles are increasingly ...appreciated in various biological content. Tumor-derived exosomal lncRNAs have been implicated as signaling mediators to orchestrate cell function among neighbor tumor cells. However, the role of tumor-derived lncRNAs in cross-talk with environmental macrophages has yet to be explored. In this paper, we demonstrated that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells⁻derived exosomes contain elevated levels of lncRNA TUC339 and that HCC-derived exosomes could be taken up by THP-1 cells. In seeking to dissect the biological function of tumor secreting TUC339 in macrophages, we applied loss-of-function and gain-of-function strategies. We observed increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production, increased co-stimulatory molecule expression, and enhanced phagocytosis upon suppression of TUC339 by siRNA in THP-1 cells, and the opposite effect upon over-expression of this lncRNA, which indicates that TUC339 was involved in the regulation of macrophage activation. Moreover, we detected an elevated level of TUC339 in M(IL-4) macrophages as compared to M(IFN-γ + LPS) macrophages and a down-regulation of TUC339 expression during M(IL-4)-to-M(IFN-γ + LPS) repolarization and vice versa. Furthermore, suppression of TUC339 in macrophages diminished the expression of M(IL-4) markers upon IL-4 treatment while overexpression of TUC339 in macrophages enhanced M(IL-4) markers upon IFN-γ + LPS treatment, which suggests a critical function of TUC339 in the regulation of macrophage M1/M2 polarization. Lastly, using microarray analysis, we identified cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, CXCR chemokine receptor binding, Toll-like receptor signaling, FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, and cell proliferation are related with TUC339 function in macrophages. Our results provide evidence for a novel regulatory function of tumor-derived exosomal lncRNA TUC339 in environmental macrophages and shed light on the complicated interactions between tumor and immune cells through exosomal lncRNAs.
A
bstract
Inspired by the Goldstone equivalence gauge, we study the thermal corrections to an originally massive vector boson by checking the poles and branch cuts. We find that part of the Goldstone ...boson is spewed out from the longitudinal polarization, becoming a branch cut which can be approximated by the “quasi-poles” in the thermal environment. In this case, physical Goldstone boson somehow partly recovers. We also show the Feynmann rules for the “external legs” of these vector boson as well as the recovered Goldstone boson, expecting to simplify the vector boson participated process calculations by adopting the similar “tree-level” logic as in the zero temperature situation. Gauge boson mixing case are also discussed. Similar results are shown in other gauges, especially in the
R
ξ
gauge.
A
bstract
In this paper, we discuss the possibility to probe a nearly-degenerate
Z
′
-
Z
system by analyzing the
Z
-lineshape at an electron-positron collider. Compared with the usual
Z
′
in the ...literature well separated with the standard model (SM)
Z
boson in mass, the nearly-degenerate
Z
′
-
Z
mixing affects the observed effective “oblique parameters”
,
,
, and the effective deviation of “number of neutrino species”
in a more complicated way and cannot be simply computed perturbatively up to a particular order. Aiming at solving this problem, we write down a general simplified effective Lagrangian and enumerate some parameter spaces corresponding to some typical models, and suggest a method to extract the constraints by looking into the line-shape of the
Z
-like resonance at an electron-positron collider.
Ras-associated protein-1 （Rapl）, a small GTPase in the Ras-related protein family, is an important regulator of basic cellular functions （e.g., formation and control of cell adhesions and junctions）, ...cellular migration, and polarization. Through its interaction with other proteins, Rapl plays many roles during cell invasion and metastasis in different cancers. The basic function of Rapl is straightforward; it acts as a switch during cellular signaling transduction and regulated by its binding to either guanosine triphosphate （GTP） or guanosine diphosphate （GDP）. However, its remarkably diverse function is rendered by its interplay with a large number of distinct Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors and Rap GTPase activating proteins. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which Rap 1 signaling can regulate cell invasion and metastasis, focusing on its roles in integrin and cadherin regulation, Rho GTPase control, and matrix metalloproteinase expression.
In this paper, we propose a method to compute the muon anomalous precession frequency through solving the wave functions of the Dirac equations straightforwardly. The Lorentz violation terms are also ...considered. Our method is different from the traditional two-step algorithm in the literature, with the first step to extract the anomalous magnetic momentum factors through the Fouldy-Wouthuysen transformation or Born approximation comparison methods regarding the muon particle as a “quantum” object, and the second step to utilize the Thomas-Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi formula regarding the muon particle as a “classical” point-like object. Compared with the literature, the method we developed is more consistent and the Lorentz violation terms are taken into account in a unified and straightforward frameset, and expand perturbatively up to the lowest non-trivial order and find out that only b3, c11, c22, H12′ and d30 affect the precession up to this order.
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