It is often thought that the super-sensitivity of a quantum state to an observable comes at the cost of a decreased sensitivity to other non-commuting observables. For example, a squeezed state ...squeezed in position quadrature is super-sensitive to position displacements, but very insensitive to momentum displacements. This misconception was cleared with the introduction of the compass state Nature 412 , 712 ( 2001 ) 10.1038/35089017 , a quantum state equally super-sensitive to displacements in position and momentum. When looking at quantum states used to measure spin rotations, N 00 N states are known to be more advantageous than classical methods as long as they are aligned to the rotation axis. When considering the estimation of a rotation with unknown direction and amplitude, a certain class of states stands out with interesting properties. These states are equally sensitive to rotations around any axis, are second-order unpolarized, and can possess the rotational properties of Platonic solids in particular dimensions. Importantly, these states are optimal for simultaneously estimating the three parameters describing a rotation. In the asymptotic limit, estimating all d parameters describing a transformation simultaneously rather than sequentially can lead to a reduction of the appropriately weighted sum of the measured parameters’ variances by a factor of d . We report the experimental creation and characterization of the lowest-dimensional such state, which we call the “tetrahedron state” due to its tetrahedral symmetry. This tetrahedron state is created in the symmetric subspace of four optical photons’ polarization in a single spatial and temporal mode, which behaves as a spin-2 particle. While imperfections due to the hardware limited the performance of our method, ongoing technological advances will enable this method to generate states which out-perform any other existing strategy in per-photon comparisons.
Uncertainty principles limit measurement precision, via operator noncommutation. Wielded correctly, noncommutation can boost precision. We relate metrological enhancement with negative ...quasiprobabilities, quantum extensions of probabilities. In a phase measurement, we amplify the precision per detected photon by two orders of magnitude.
The traditional formalism of quantum measurement (hereafter ``TQM'') describes processes where some properties of quantum states are extracted and stored as classical information. While TQM is a ...natural and appropriate description of how humans interact with quantum systems, it is silent on the question of how a more general, quantum, agent would do so. How do we describe the observation of a system by an observer with the ability to store not only classical information but quantum states in its memory? In this paper, we extend the idea of measurement to a more general class of sensors for quantum agents which interact with a system in such a way that the agent's memory stores information (classical or quantum) about the system under study. For appropriate sensory interactions, the quantum agent may ``learn'' more about the system than would be possible under any set of classical measurements -- but as we show, this comes at the cost of additional measurement disturbance. We experimentally demonstrate such a system and characterize the tradeoffs, which can be done by considering the information required to erase the effects of a measurement.
It is often thought that the super-sensitivity of a quantum state to an observable comes at the cost of a decreased sensitivity to other non-commuting observables. For example, a squeezed state ...squeezed in position quadrature is super-sensitive to position displacements, but very insensitive to momentum displacements. This misconception was cleared with the introduction of the compass state, a quantum state equally super-sensitive to displacements in position and momentum. When looking at quantum states used to measure spin rotations, N00N states are known to be more advantageous than classical methods as long as they are aligned to the rotation axis. When considering the estimation of a rotation with unknown direction and amplitude, a certain class of states stands out with interesting properties. These states are equally sensitive to rotations around any axis, are second-order unpolarized, and can possess the rotational properties of platonic solids in particular dimensions. Importantly, these states are optimal for simultaneously estimating the three parameters describing a rotation. In the asymptotic limit, estimating all d parameters describing a transformation simultaneously rather than sequentially can lead to a reduction of the appropriately-weighted sum of the measured parameters' variances by a factor of d. We report the experimental creation and characterization of the lowest-dimensional such state, which we call the "tetrahedron state" due to its tetrahedral symmetry. This tetrahedron state is created in the symmetric subspace of four optical photons' polarization in a single spatial and temporal mode, which behaves as a spin-2 particle. While imperfections due to the hardware limit the performance of our method, we argue that better technology can improve our method to the point of outperforming any other existing strategy in per-photon comparisons.
•The study aims to compare Frozen Section (FS) method with the ReTUR section (RS) procedure.•FS performed at the end of the first transurethral resection of bladder tumor procedure and was obtained ...as additional deep tissue.•Muscularis propria sampling rates were found to be similar between FS and RS methods.•Detecting residual tumor rates were found to be similar between FS and RS methods.•With FS method, re-resection can be a choice at the end of the first transurethral resection of bladder tumor instead of ReTUR.
To confirm frozen section (FS) method for muscularis propria (MP) sampling and to compare the FS method with the ReTUR section (RS) procedure to reduce needing for second resection that can cause waste of time for definitive treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
A total of 27 patients who admitted to our clinic and was performed transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-BT) due to bladder tumor and had an indication of ReTUR were evaluated prospectively in the study. During the first TUR-BT procedure (as permanent section), FS examination was also performed to the patients. ReTUR was performed 2-6 weeks after the first TUR-BT procedure.
Presences of MP were observed in 51.8% and 77.7% of FS and permanent section examinations. In the comparing of the presence of residual tumor in the methods, although 12 of 27 patients were found to have a residual tumor in FS, it was found to be in only 6 of 12 patients in RS. There was no statistical significance between FS and RS methods for MP sampling and detecting of residual tumor.
FS was found to be a comparable method with the RS method (ReTUR procedure) for the sampling of MP and detecting of residual tumor, despite the limitations in the pathological examination FS. Especially in patients with detected residual tumor after the pathological consultation of FS during the procedure, re-resection can be a choice at the end of the first TUR-BT instead of ReTUR.
Giriş ve Amaç:Perkütan nefrolitotomi 2 santimetreden büyük ve kompleks böbrek taşlarının tedavisinde altın standart tedavidir. Perkütan nefrolitotomi sonrasında taşsızlığı ve gelişebilecek ...komplikasyonları öngörebilmek hem cerraha hem de hastaya fayda sağlamaktadır. Bu sebeple perkütan nefrolitotomi sonuçlarını öngörebilmek için hastaların preoperatif klinik, laboratuvar ve radyolojik parametreleri değerlendirilerek çeşitli skorlama sistemleri oluşturulmuştur ancak halen evrensel olarak kabul edilmiş altın standart bir taş skorlama sistemi bulunmamaktadır. Çalışmamızda hastaların preoperatif klinik, laboratuvar ve radyolojik parametrelerini değerlendirerek, bu parametrelerin perkütan nefrolitotomi sonuçlarını öngörmedeki rolünü araştırmayı amaçladık.Gereç ve Yöntemler:Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi üroloji kliniğinde Ocak 2010 ve Kasım 2020 tarihleri arasında perkütan nefrolitotomi yapılan hastalar dahil edildi. 18 yaşından küçük olan, preoperatif nefrostomi kateteri takılan, eş zamanlı bilateral perkütan nefrolitotomi yapılan ve preoperatif bilgisayarlı tomografisi, tam idrar tetkiki, idrar kültürü, kreatinin değeri ve tam kan sayımı olmayan hastalar çalışmadan çıkarıldı. Hastaların demografik verileri, taşın tarafı, boyutu, alanı, miktarı, yoğunluğu, lokalizasyonu, cilt taş mesafesi, hidronefroz, opasite gibi radyolojik parametreler ve tam kan sayımı, kreatinin değeri, tam idrar tetkiki ve idrar kültürü gibi laboratuvar parametreleri kaydedildi. Her hasta için teker teker GUY’s skoru, S.T.O.N.E skoru ve CROES nefrolitometrik skoru hesaplandı ve kaydedildi. Operasyon sonrası rezidü taş durumu peroperatif floroskopi ya da postoperatif direkt üriner sistem grafisi ve nonopak taşlar için kontrastsız bilgisayarlı tomografi ile değerlendirildi. Perkütan nefrolitotomi sonrası tam taşsızlık sağlanan hastaların operasyonu başarılı; rezidü taş kalan hastaların operasyonu başarısız olarak kabul edildi. Operasyonu başarılı olan ve başarısız olan grupların preoperatif, peroperatif ve postoperatif verileri karşılaştırıldı. Peroperatif ve postoperatif komplikasyonlar modifiye Clavien-Dindo sınıflamasına göre kaydedildi. İstatistiksel analizler SPSS 22 paket programı kullanılarak yapıldı. İstatistiksel anlamlılık düzeyi p<0.05 olarak kabul edildi.Bulgular: Çalışmamıza Ocak 2010-Kasım 2020 tarihleri arasında perkütan nefrolitotomi yapılan 803 hasta dahil edildi. Çalışma kriterlerine uymayan 76 hasta çalışmadan çıkarıldı. Hastaların 297 (%40.9)’si kadın, 430 (%59)’u erkek idi ve hastaların ortanca vücut kitle indeksi 25.9 kg/m2(min:17.6–max:58.7) idi. Hastaların yaş ortancası 49 (min:18-max:85)’du. Hastaların 669 (%92)’u aynı taraftan açık cerrahi geçirmemiş ve 28 (%3.9)’i soliter böbrekliydi. Toplam 53 (%7.3) hastada böbrek anomalisi mevcuttu. Cinsiyet, alkol ve sigara kullanımı gibi alışkanlıklar, ailede taş öyküsünün olup olmaması, vücut kitle indeksi ve komorbid hastalıkların operasyonun başarısıyla istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişkisinin olmadığı saptandı. Preoperatif laboratuvar parametrelerle operasyon başarısı arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmadı. GSS, S.T.O.N.E nefrolitometri skoru ve CROES nefrolitometri nomogramının kendi hasta grubumuzda operasyon başarısını öngördüğünü saptadık (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001)Operasyonu başarılı olan grupta ortanca taş boyutu 20 mm (min:7–max:50), başarısız olan grupta 25 mm (min:9–max:56) olarak hesaplandı ve operasyonu başarısız olan grupta taş boyutu istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde daha yüksekti (p<0.001). Operasyonu başarılı olan grupta ortanca taş alanı 118.5 mm² (min:15– max:600), başarısız olan grupta 202 mm²(min:31-max:968) olarak saptandı ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde başarısız olan grupta daha yüksekti (p<0.001).
Bats are of great importance for the survival of all living beings and for biodiversity. This study aims to classify the collective calls of the Egyptian fruit bat, whose northernmost distribution is ...in Turkey, using deep learning methods CNN and LSTM and utilizing MFCC (Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients) features. Thanks to the classification of species-specific calls, it is possible to observe the habitat preference, social relations, foraging, reproduction, mobility and migration of the species. The classification results obtained in this study provide significant increases compared to the previous study, especially in distinguishing certain calls.
Operator noncommutation, a hallmark of quantum theory, limits measurement precision, according to uncertainty principles. Wielded correctly, though, noncommutation can boost precision. A recent ...foundational result relates a metrological advantage with negative quasiprobabilities -- quantum extensions of probabilities -- engendered by noncommuting operators. We crystallize the relationship in an equation that we prove theoretically and observe experimentally. Our proof-of-principle optical experiment features a filtering technique that we term partially postselected amplification (PPA). Using PPA, we measure a waveplate's birefringent phase. PPA amplifies, by over two orders of magnitude, the information obtained about the phase per detected photon. In principle, PPA can boost the information obtained from the average filtered photon by an arbitrarily large factor. The filter's amplification of systematic errors, we find, bounds the theoretically unlimited advantage in practice. PPA can facilitate any phase measurement and mitigates challenges that scale with trial number, such as proportional noise and detector saturation. By quantifying PPA's metrological advantage with quasiprobabilities, we reveal deep connections between quantum foundations and precision measurement.
