Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has been characterized by fever, respiratory, and gastrointestinal ...symptoms as well as shedding of virus RNA into feces. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published gastrointestinal symptoms and detection of virus in stool and also summarized data from a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in Hong Kong.
We collected data from the cohort of patients with COVID-19 in Hong Kong (N = 59; diagnosis from February 2 through February 29, 2020),and searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and 3 Chinese databases through March 11, 2020, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We analyzed pooled data on the prevalence of overall and individual gastrointestinal symptoms (loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain or discomfort) using a random effects model.
Among the 59 patients with COVID-19 in Hong Kong, 15 patients (25.4%) had gastrointestinal symptoms, and 9 patients (15.3%) had stool that tested positive for virus RNA. Stool viral RNA was detected in 38.5% and 8.7% among those with and without diarrhea, respectively (P = .02). The median fecal viral load was 5.1 log10 copies per milliliter in patients with diarrhea vs 3.9 log10 copies per milliliter in patients without diarrhea (P = .06). In a meta-analysis of 60 studies comprising 4243 patients, the pooled prevalence of all gastrointestinal symptoms was 17.6% (95% confidence interval CI, 12.3–24.5); 11.8% of patients with nonsevere COVID-19 had gastrointestinal symptoms (95% CI, 4.1–29.1), and 17.1% of patients with severe COVID-19 had gastrointestinal symptoms (95% CI, 6.9–36.7). In the meta-analysis, the pooled prevalence of stool samples that were positive for virus RNA was 48.1% (95% CI, 38.3–57.9); of these samples, 70.3% of those collected after loss of virus from respiratory specimens tested positive for the virus (95% CI, 49.6–85.1).
In an analysis of data from the Hong Kong cohort of patients with COVID-19 and a meta-analysis of findings from publications, we found that 17.6% of patients with COVID-19 had gastrointestinal symptoms. Virus RNA was detected in stool samples from 48.1% patients, even in stool collected after respiratory samples had negative test results. Health care workers should therefore exercise caution in collecting fecal samples or performing endoscopic procedures in patients with COVID-19, even during patient recovery.
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Summary
In the pursuit of innovation, it is inevitable that many employee ideas will be disapproved of by supervisors, discouraging employees' idea generation. This idea rejection–idea generation ...link is important to examine because it extends current thinking which treats idea generation as the beginning stage of a creative process. Guided by social cognitive theory, this study proposes that the idea rejection–idea generation link is mediated by creative self‐efficacy. We further posit that whether idea acceptance is a salient goal is a meta‐level moderator. To capture this factor, we examine intention to remain and perceived innovation importance: Idea rejection should yield a stronger negative impact on creative self‐efficacy for those who intend to remain with the organization and perceive innovation as important to the organization, as stayers who understand the importance of innovation to their employers would view idea acceptance as a salient goal and thus react most strongly to idea rejection. Data collected from a field study and a scenario experiment supported most of our hypotheses. Thus, this study highlights idea rejection as a crucial variable, directs researchers' attention to the idea rejection–idea generation relationship, and underscores the variability in employee reactions to idea rejection.
Summary
Because diabetic retinopathy increases fracture risk, we studied the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and diabetic retinopathy in a nationally representative sample. A ...significant association between the presence of diabetic retinopathy and low BMD was observed. Therefore, diabetic retinopathy might be considered as a marker of low BMD.
Introduction
Several diabetic complications, including nephropathy, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy, are associated with a higher fracture risk in diabetic subjects. However, in contrast to diabetic nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy, which are associated with low bone mineral density (BMD), little is known about the association between BMD and diabetic retinopathy. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy is associated with BMD.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included a nationally representative sample consisting of 4357 men aged 50 years and older and 4392 postmenopausal women who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (KNHANES) from 2008 to 2011 and underwent BMD measurement by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and diabetic retinopathy assessments using seven standard gradable photographs.
Results
The diabetic women with retinopathy had lower mean BMD at all measured sites than those without retinopathy, although the BMD difference between the two groups was small (3–5 %). In addition, the diabetic women with retinopathy were 2.27 times more likely to have osteoporosis following adjustments for all clinically relevant covariates. However, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) or diabetic retinopathy was not associated with the prevalence of osteoporosis in men.
Conclusions
This study has shown that the presence of diabetic retinopathy is significantly associated with a reduced BMD and increased prevalence of osteoporosis in diabetic women.
Summary
Because the rate of bone loss is an important risk factor for fracture, we studied longitudinal changes in bone mineral density (BMD). Although the BMD of the hip decreased over time, spine ...BMD remained largely stable or increased. Therefore, spine BMD may not be appropriate for assessing BMD change.
Introduction
The rate of age-dependent bone loss has been shown to be an important risk factor for fracture. However, longitudinal rates of BMD loss in Korea have not yet been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate longitudinal changes in BMD in Korea.
Methods
This cohort study was performed in a population of individuals 40 years of age or older living in the rural area of Chungju City, Korea. A second BMD examination was conducted approximately 4 years after a baseline examination. A total of 3755 of the 6007 subjects completed the follow-up visit, corresponding to a follow-up rate of 62.51%.
Results
The age-standardized osteoporosis prevalence was 12.81% in males and 44.35% in females. In males, the average annual BMD loss at the total hip increased from −0.25% per year in their 40s to −1.12% per year in their 80s. In females, the average annual BMD loss at the total hip increased from −0.69% per year in their 40s to −1.51% per year in their 80s. However, the average annual percentage change in spine BMD in females increased from −0.91% per year in their 40s to +1.39% per year in their 80s.
Conclusions
A substantial number of subjects had osteoporosis, even though we standardized the prevalence of osteoporosis. In total hip, the mean BMD was decreased during the follow-up period; in addition, the annual percentage loss increased with age. However, spine BMD remained approximately stable or increased over time and therefore may not be appropriate for assessing BMD change.
Organizational programs and policies are important facilitators of employees’ career development. However, organizations face a developmental paradox: Their career-aiding programs and policies might ...increase the employability of their employees, who might then leave the company. Guided by organizational support theory, we propose a theory-driven reciprocation view that explains why organization-sponsored career development practices might actually strengthen the current employment relationship. We argued that by offering career aids and resources, an organization can promote its employees’ perceptions of organizational support. These perceptions evoke reciprocation, manifested in strengthened organizational attachment that enhances job performance and lowers turnover. In a meta-analysis of over 1,000 articles, we found that employer-sponsored career development practices were related to employees’ job performance and turnover via the mechanisms of perceived organizational support and organizational attachment. Further, this relationship was even stronger when career development practices signaled greater care by being available (vs. used), institutionally embedded (vs. relational), and career focused (vs. job focused).
The outer circulation of tropical cyclones (TCs) on the western North Pacific has been reported to substantially influence the atmospheric environment over the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macau Greater Bay ...Area (GBA) of China, whereas dynamic evolution and redistribution of water vapor and aerosol in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) responding to moving TCs have yet to be understood. This study aims to answer three key research questions related to the influences of the approaching TCs: (1) how do water vapor and aerosol particles over the GBA change during the TC approaching stage? (2) how does the ABL in terms of vertical wind structure respond to the approaching TCs? and (3) how does turbulence influence the vertical profile of aerosol during the approaching stage? Based on an intensive analysis of three-year reanalysis and Doppler LiDAR data, this study identified a dry-polluted time over the GBA when a TC was located at ~1000 km away on South China Sea. Before that, horizontal wind has consistently come from the northeast, creating a favorable condition for weak transboundary air pollution to the GBA. During the dry-polluted time, the highest surface PM2.5 concentration was resulted from the enhanced downdraft and early-stage wind shear, i.e., stronger wind started occurring at upper-level ABL, while the further turbulent mixing induced by wind shear enhancement and updrafts recovery pumped surface pollution upward to the upper level when TCs became closer. Our findings are expected to improve both weather and PM2.5 forecasts under the impacts of approaching TCs.
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•The driest moment happens in the GBA when TCs are about 1000 km away.•Dry-polluted time is due to enhanced downdrafts and suppressed turbulent mixing.•Turbulent mixing recovers due to wind shear and updrafts after dry-polluted time.•Aerosol is pumped upward by turbulent mixing and then removed by strong advection.
Introduction
Intermittent cardiac output (CO) studies using thermodilution are considered the gold standard. We have developed a stroke volume (SV) calculator from pulmonary pulse pressure (PP) to ...allow continuous monitoring of SV and CO from PP.
Methods
Hemodynamic data on 169 patients following orthotopic heart transplantation were used to compare our calculator-derived SV (and SV index, or SVi) against thermodilution-derived SV on admission into intensive care unit immediately following heart transplantation (T0) and 6 h after admission (T6).
Results
The calculated SV correlated with thermodilution-derived SV T0 (
r
= 0.920,
p
< 0.001, coefficient of 0.539 and the constant of 2.06). The median calculator SV, adjusted for coefficient and constant, was 48.4 ml (37.7, 60.7), comparable to the median thermodilution-derived SV 47.9 ml (37.5, 61.0),
p
= 0.737 with acceptable agreement on Bland–Altman plots. The thermodilution-derived SVi was 28.1 ml (19.7, 38.7) and adjusted calculator-derived SVi 28.9 ml (19.7, 39.9),
p
= 0.781. At T6, median thermodilution-derived SVi was 27.7 ml (19.5, 35.9) compared to the calculator-derived SVi median of 26.1 ml (17.7, 37.7),
p
= 0.203.
Conclusions
Changes in PP can be used to track changes in SV using this calculator. Changes in PP may be used to assess response to treatment in the early post-operative period.
Guided by cognitive appraisal theory, we argue that wish-making is a conceptually distinct type of coping strategy and that wish-making during the COVID-19 pandemic has functional cognitive–affective ...consequences. Specifically, it facilitates positive appraisals of the pandemic, which then facilitate job satisfaction. Enhanced job satisfaction in turn reduces counterproductive work behavior during the pandemic. These arguments were tested via two empirical studies involving 546 Hong Kong employees surveyed on two consecutive working days during the pandemic. The individuals who made wishes during the pandemic reported more positive appraisals of the pandemic, which in turn promoted their job satisfaction and lowered their counterproductive work behavior. Crucially, wish-making had significant effects on positive appraisals above and beyond other coping strategies. Thus, we contribute to the employee coping literature by highlighting one relatively easy way for employees to combat the psychological effects of the pandemic (and other challenges in life) and regulate their affective well-being and behaviors at work. Namely, making wishes that envision a better future can enhance employees' job satisfaction, which in turn lowers counterproductive work behavior.
•This study examines whether wish-making during the pandemic facilitates job satisfaction.•Wish-making promotes positive appraisals of the pandemic, which then enhance job satisfaction.•Enhanced job satisfaction in turn reduces counterproductive work behavior.•Two empirical studies showed the predictive power of wish-making beyond existing coping strategies.•This study contributes to the coping literature by highlighting wish-making as an important coping tactic.
This study examines whether and how constructive voice (i.e., suggestions intended to promote positive changes at work) is contagious. Guided by social cognitive theory, we propose that witnessing a ...co‐worker’s voice increases an employee’s propensity to engage in voice via two parallel psychological mechanisms: voice self‐efficacy beliefs and voice instrumentality beliefs. Data collected from a vignette experiment (N = 661), an experience‐recall experiment (N = 548), and a field study (N = 549) provide evidence supporting the proposed voice contagion. The results also suggest that voice contagion is activated by witnessing the voice of any co‐worker, as the evidence supported voice contagion even when controlling for employees’ evaluations of co‐workers’ warmth and competence. Thus, this study contributes to the voice literature by identifying social learning from co‐worker voice as a crucial relational antecedent of employee voice and revealing two possible processes by which voice spreads in the workplace.
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