•Measured temperature of Si melt was oscillating with specific period.•Calculated melt flow pattern was changing periodically in the same period.•Mechanism of the periodic change was explained by ...movement of cold plume.
The time-dependent behavior of the silicon melt flow in the industrial scaled 300-mm diameter silicon Czochralski growth with a transverse magnetic field was investigated by both the experiment and numerical simulation. The measured temperatures at multiple positions in the melt showed oscillation with the same period but different amplitudes. The calculated results by the fully three-dimensional numerical simulation represented the measurement results and provided a qualitative explanation to this phenomenon. The periodic change of melt flow pattern occurred via the generating, descending, and vanishing of the cold plume. This behavior was driven by the buoyancy, which was similar to the flow under the non-magnetic field reported by Ozoe and Sung.
This paper proposes a practical and effective model for the generation forecasting of a wind farm with an emphasis on its scheduling and trading in a wholesale electricity market. A novel forecasting ...model is developed based on indepth investigations of meteorological information. This model adopts a two-stage hybrid network with Bayesian clustering by dynamics and support vector regression. The proposed structure is robust with different input data types and can deal with the nonstationarity of wind speed and generation series well. Once the network is trained, we can straightforward predict the 48-h ahead wind power generation. To demonstrate the effectiveness, the model is applied and tested on a 74-MW wind farm located in the southwest Oklahoma of the United States.
In cities, where the number of vehicles continuously increase faster than the available infrastructure to contain them, traffic congestion is a difficult issue to deal with. This problem becomes even ...worse in case of accidents and affects many aspects of the modern society, including economic development, accidents, CO (Carbon monoxide) emission, trip time, and health. Several solutions for Traffic Management System (TMS) have been proposed to identify congestions and re-route the vehicles afterward. To this end, they exchange messages periodically between vehicles and central server, what can cause an overhead in the communication channel. In this scenario, it is important to identify the source of the problem and inform the drivers of new routes before the congestion takes place with, considering the limitations of vehicular communication. This work introduces ICARUS, a distributed and pro-active Traffic Management System, which receives notifications about a traffic events then it can calculates new routes, and, then, notifies drivers to follow new paths pro-actively by using inter-vehicle communications. Simulation results show the effectiveness of ICARUS in calculating new routes and disseminating them to vehicles approaching a congested area. Hence, ICARUS reduces the travel time, fuel consumption, and CO emissions of vehicles in urban environments when compared to existing approaches. In addition, ICARUS reduces the broadcast storm problem and maximizes the data dissemination capabilities with short delays and low overhead.
Fully three dimensional (3D) numerical simulation model of the heat and mass transfer in the silicon (Si) Czochralski growth with a transverse magnetic field (MCZ) was developed. Time transient ...calculation of heat and mass transfer in the industrial scale crystal growth of 300mm diameter was performed under the quasi steady state assumption. The model predicts the completely asymmetrically 3D melt flow and off-centered temperature distributions, different from the previous works. The temperature distribution measured experimentally by thermocouples, beneath the melt surface along the azimuthal direction, was almost the same as the model prediction, providing a strong support for the 3D simulation model.
•Fully 3D numerical simulation of the MCZ Si crystal growth was performed.•The calculated flow and temperature distributions are completely 3D.•The calculated results show good agreement with the measured results.•There is a strong vortex flow under the growth interface.•This vortex flow is fast enough to make the whole flow unstable and 3D.
The Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequencing project has revealed that multigene families, such as those generated by genome duplications, are more abundant among plant genomes than among animal ...genomes. To gain insight into the evolutionary implications of the multigene families in higher plants, we examined the XTH gene family, a group of genes encoding xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/ hydrolase, which are responsible for cell-wall construction in plants. Expression analysis of all members (33 genes) of this family, using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, revealed that most members exhibit distinct expression profiles in terms of tissue specificity and responses to hormonal signals, with some members exhibiting similar expression patterns. By comparing the flanking sequences of individual genes, we identified four sets of large-segment duplications and two sets of solitary gene duplications. In each set of gene duplicates, long nucleotide sequences, ranging from one to two hundred base pairs, are conserved. Furthermore, gene duplicates exhibit similar organ-specific expression profiles. These facts allowed us to predict putative cis-regulatory regions, particularly those responsible for cell-wall construction, and hence for morphogenesis, that are specific for certain organs or tissues in plants.
This study investigated the networks of Negative motor areas (NMAs) using electric cortical stimulation and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
Twelve patients with intractable focal epilepsy, in which ...NMAs were identified by electrical cortical stimulation, were enrolled in this study. Electric stimulation at 50Hz was applied to the electrodes during motor tasks to identify the NMAs. DTI was used to identify the subcortical fibers originating from the NMAs found by electrical stimulation.
NMAs were found in lateral frontal areas (premotor area (PM) and precentral gyrus) in all 12 patients, in pre-supplementary motor areas (pre-SMAs) in four patients, and in posterior parietal cortices (PPCs) in four. DTI detected fibers connecting to the ipsilateral PMs, PPCs and temporal regions via U-fibers, superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and arcuate fasciculus (AF) from the lateral frontal NMAs. Pre-SMA-NMAs had connections with ipsilateral PMs and contralateral pre-SMAs via the frontal aslant tract and transcallosal commissural fibers, and PPC-NMAs with ipsilateral PMs via SLF and AF.
This study found the characteristic cortical network of each NMA, and especially revealed new insight of pre-SMA-NMA and PPC NMA. These NMAs might be associated with different mechanism of negative motor response.
Theoretical models of β-delayed neutron emission are used as crucial inputs in r-process calculations. Benchmarking the predictions of these models is a challenge due to a lack of currently available ...experimental data. In this work the β-delayed neutron emission probabilities of 33 nuclides in the important mass regions south and south-west of 132Sn are presented, 16 for the first time. The measurements were performed at RIKEN using the Advanced Implantation Detector Array (AIDA) and the BRIKEN neutron detector array. The P1n values presented constrain the predictions of theoretical models in the region, affecting the final abundance distribution of the second r-process peak at A≈130.
The level structures of 70Co and 70Ni, populated from the β decay of 70Fe, have been investigated using β-delayed γ-ray spectroscopy following in-flight fission of a 238U beam. The experimental ...results are compared to Monte-Carlo Shell-Model calculations including the pf+g9/2+d5/2 orbitals. The strong population of a (1+) state at 274 keV in 70Co is at variance with the expected excitation energy of ∼1 MeV from near spherical single-particle estimates. This observation indicates a dominance of prolate-deformed intruder configurations in the low-lying levels, which coexist with the normal near spherical states. It is shown that the β decay of the neutron-rich A=70 isobars from the new island of inversion to the Z=28 closed-shell regime progresses in accordance with a newly reported type of shell evolution, the so-called Type II, which involves many particle-hole excitations across energy gaps.
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