Protein-translated mRNA analysis has been extensively used to determine the function of various traits in animals. The non-coding RNA (ncRNA), which was known to be non-functional because it was not ...encoded as a protein, was re-examined as it was studied to actually function. One of the ncRNAs, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is known to have a function of regulating mRNA expression, and its importance is emerging. Therefore, lncRNAs are currently being used to understand the traits of various animals as well as human diseases. However, studies on lncRNA annotation and its functions are still lacking in most animals except humans and mice. lncRNAs have unique characteristics of lncRNAs and interact with mRNA through various mechanisms. In order to make lncRNA annotations in animals in the future, it is essential to understand the characteristics of lncRNAs and the mechanisms by which lncRNAs function. In addition, this will allow lncRNAs to be used for a wider variety of traits in a wider range of animals, and it is expected that integrated analysis using other biological information will be possible.
The porcine estrous cycle is influenced by reproductive hormones, which affect porcine reproduction and result in physiological changes in the reproductive organs. The ovary is involved in ovulation, ...luteinization, corpus luteum development, and luteolysis. Here, we aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the gene expression patterns in porcine ovarian transcriptomes during the estrous cycle through differentially expressed genes profiling and description of molecular mechanisms. The transcriptomes of porcine ovary were obtained during the estrous cycle at three-day intervals from day 0 to day 18 using RNA-seq. At seven time points of the estrous cycle, 4414 DEG were identified; these were classified into three clusters according to their expression patterns. During the late metestrus and diestrus periods, the expression in cluster 1 increased rapidly, and steroid biosynthesis was significant in the pathway. Cluster 2 gene expression patterns represented the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction in significant pathways. In cluster 3, the hedgehog signaling pathway was selected as the significant pathway. Our study exhibited dynamic gene expression changes with these three different patterns of cluster 1, 2, and 3. The results helped identify the functions and related significant genes especially during the late metestrus and diestrus periods in the estrous cycle.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Gold nanorods (GNRs) have received much attention as potential drug-delivery vehicles because of their various advantages such as good biocompatibility, passive targeting, responsiveness to stimuli, ...and easy post-functionalization by surface modification. However, the drug structure might be changed for loading into GNRs, making it difficult to load various drugs, and the space to contain drugs is small, making it difficult to deliver sufficient drugs required for treatment compared with other porous materials. Herein, we report an amphiphilic polymer-coated GNR platform for chemo- and photothermal combination therapy. Amphiphilic polymers comprise hydrophobic alkyl chains for drug encapsulation, polyethylene glycol for biocompatibility, and folic acid for cancer targeting. GNRs generate heat energy under near-infrared light irradiation, promoting controlled drug release, and inducing cellular uptake by deforming the cell membrane. On-demand release behavior was traced with Nile red, and targeting and delivery efficiency were confirmed with paclitaxel through cellular experiments. This GNR-based platform enables combination therapy with passive and active targeting to enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are disabling musculoskeletal disorders that affect joints and cartilage and may lead to bone degeneration. Conventional delivery of anti-arthritic ...agents is limited due to short intra-articular half-life and toxicities. Innovations in polymer chemistry have led to advancements in hydrogel technology, offering a versatile drug delivery platform exhibiting tissue-like properties with tunable drug loading and high residence time properties This review discusses the advantages and drawbacks of polymeric materials along with their modifications as well as their applications for fabricating hydrogels loaded with therapeutic agents (small molecule drugs, immunotherapeutic agents, and cells). Emphasis is given to the biological potentialities of hydrogel hybrid systems/micro-and nanotechnology-integrated hydrogels as promising tools. Applications for facile tuning of therapeutic drug loading, maintaining long-term release, and consequently improving therapeutic outcome and patient compliance in arthritis are detailed. This review also suggests the advantages, challenges, and future perspectives of hydrogels loaded with anti-arthritic agents with high therapeutic potential that may alter the landscape of currently available arthritis treatment modalities.
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•Sea-urchin-like mesoporous Cu-Mn oxide catalysts were prepared by a facile method.•The catalytic performance was improved by the addition of Cu.•Cu addition leads to an increase in ...surface area and oxygen defects.•Factors affecting the catalytic activities of benzene oxidation were identified.
Mesoporous copper manganese oxides were prepared via a simple method to be used for the catalytic oxidation of benzene emitted from industrial activities. Morphological characterization revealed that the primary particles of the as-synthesized catalysts were nanorods that aggregated with each other to form sea-urchin like structures. Compared with the manganese oxide based catalyst, copper manganese oxides exhibited better performances for benzene oxidation, achieving the best benzene conversion rate of 90% at around 219°C, which is 23°C lower than that for the catalyst without copper. The benefit of copper addition exists because the addition of copper in the manganese oxide causes desorption of lattice oxygen, increasing concentrations of oxygen defects on the catalyst surfaces. Furthermore, the addition of copper was found to contribute to the increase in the specific surface area by reducing the sizes of the nanorods and sea-urchin structures. Finally, the influential factors for catalytic oxidation were oxygen vacancies and the oxidation state of metals.
Doxorubicin (DOX) is a representative anticancer drug with a unique ability to induce immunogenic cell death of cancer cells. However, undesired toxicity on immune cells has remained a significant ...challenge, hindering the usage of DOX in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report a combined therapy to avoid the off-target toxicity of DOX by adapting ultrasound-responsive liposomal doxorubicin and focused ultrasound exposure. Histological analysis demonstrated that the combined therapy induced less hemosiderosis of splenocytes and improved tumor infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Additionally, in vivo therapeutic evaluation results indicate that the combined therapy achieved higher efficacy when combined with PD-1 immune-checkpoint blockade therapy by improving immunogenicity.
Protein-translated mRNA analysis has been extensively used to determine the function of various traits in animals. The non-coding RNA (ncRNA), which was known to be non-functional because it was not ...encoded as a protein, was re-examined as it was studied to actually function. One of the ncRNAs, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is known to have a function of regulating mRNA expression, and its importance is emerging. Therefore, lncRNAs are currently being used to understand the traits of various animals as well as human diseases. However, studies on lncRNA annotation and its functions are still lacking in most animals except humans and mice. lncRNAs have unique characteristics of lncRNAs and interact with mRNA through various mechanisms. In order to make lncRNA annotations in animals in the future, it is essential to understand the characteristics of lncRNAs and the mechanisms by which lncRNAs function. In addition, this will allow lncRNAs to be used for a wider variety of traits in a wider range of animals, and it is expected that integrated analysis using other biological information will be possible.
Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous, multipotent biological signaling molecule that participates in several physiological processes. Recently, exogenous supplementation of tumor tissues with NO has ...emerged as a potential anticancer therapy. In particular, it induces synergistic effects with other conventional therapies (such as chemo-, radio-, and photodynamic therapies) by regulating the activity of P-glycoprotein, acting as a vascular relaxant to relieve tumor hypoxia, and participating in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species. However, NO is highly reactive, and its half-life is relatively short after generation. Meanwhile, NO-induced anticancer activity is dose-dependent. Therefore, the targeted delivery of NO to the tumor is required for better therapeutic effects. In the past decade, NO-generating nanomedicines (NONs), which enable sustained and specific NO release in tumor tissues, have been developed for enhanced cancer therapy. This review describes the recent efforts and preclinical achievements in the development of NON-based cancer therapies. The chemical structures employed in the fabrication of NONs are summarized, and the strategies involved in NON-based cancer therapies are elaborated.
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•NO donors employed in the fabrication of NO-generating nanomedicines are summarized.•NONs enhance cancer cell death at the intracellular level.•NONs improve therapeutic effects by regulating tumor microenvironment at tissue level.
Doxorubicin (DOX), widely used as an anticancer drug, is considered an immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer that enhances cancer immunotherapy. However, its extended application as an ICD inducer has ...been limited owing to poor antigenicity and inefficient adjuvanticity. To enhance the immunogenicity of DOX, we prepare a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive self-immolative polymer (R–SIP) that can efficiently destroy redox homeostasis via self-immolation-mediated glutathione depletion in cancer cells. Owing to its amphiphilic nature, R–SIP self-assemble into nano-sized particles under aqueous conditions, and DOX is efficiently encapsulated inside the nanoparticles by a simple dialysis method. Interestingly, when treated with 4T1 cancer cells, DOX-encapsulated R–SIP (DR-SIP) induces the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α and overexpression of ecto-calreticulin, resulting in endoplasmic reticulum-associated ICD. In addition, DR-SIP contributes to the maturation of dendritic cells by promoting the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from cancer cells. When intravenously administered to tumor-bearing mice, DR-SIP remarkably inhibits tumor growth compared with DOX alone. Overall, DR-SIP may have the potential to elicit an immune response as an ICD inducer.
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has recently emerged as a promising alternative to photodynamic therapy because of its applicability in treating deeply located tumors accessible by ultrasound (US). ...However, the therapeutic potential of conventional sonosensitizers is limited by the low quantum yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and poor immune responses eliciting canonical apoptosis of cancer cells. Herein, we report chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET)-based immunostimulatory nanoparticles (iCRET NPs) for sonoimmunotherapy, which not only amplify the ROS quantum yield of sonosensitizers but also generate carbon dioxide (CO2) bubbles to induce immunogenic cell death in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Owing to their CRET phenomena responsive to H2O2 in the TME, iCRET NPs exhibit strong cytotoxicity to cancer cells by producing a large quantity of ROS. Additionally, iCRET NPs effectively induce CO2-mediated immunogenic cell death by rupturing the cancer cell membrane in the presence of US, leading to the release of bare damage-associated molecular patterns, such as HSP 70 and HMGB1. Consequently, when iCRET NPs are combined with anti-PD-1 antibodies, iCRET NPs exhibit synergistic effects in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, in which antitumor immunity is remarkably amplified to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis.
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