•Extensively deacetylated chitosan with degree of acetylation 2% was reacetylated into DA 48%.•Both chitosan DA 2% and DA 48% were applied in cardpaper as coating.•Chitosan DA 2% presented better ...water barrier and mechanical properties.•Distributions of acetoglucosamine and glucosamina affect more the hydrophilicity than the quantity.
The biodegradability of chitosan is significant for packaging systems. Another relevant property of chitosan is its degree of acetylation (DA), which affects other properties, such as crystallinity and hydrophobicity. The DA can be modulated by chitin deacetylation or even chitosan reacetylation. The novelty of this paper is the application of reacetylated chitosan as a coating for cardboard paper surfaces to improve the barrier and mechanical properties of the paper. Chitosan with 2% DA was reacetylated to yield chitosan with 48% DA. Both samples were applied as cardboard paper coating, and the coated materials were characterized. The paper-film system of chitosan with 2% DA had better water barrier and mechanical resistance. Heterogeneous deacetylation of chitin reduced the solubility of chitosan because molecular groups were distributed in blocks, increasing the hydrophobicity of the polymer.
Oral film (OF) research has intensified due to the effortless administration and advantages related to absorption in systemic circulation. Chitosan is one of the polymers widely used in the ...production of OFs; however, studies evaluating the maintenance of the active principles’ activity are incipient. Propolis has been widely used as an active compound due to its different actions. Printing techniques to incorporate propolis in OFs prove to be efficient. The objective of the present study is to develop and characterize oral films based on chitosan and propolis using printing techniques and to evaluate the main activities of the extract incorporated into the polymeric matrix. The OFs were characterized in relation to the structure using scanning and atomic force electron microscopy; the mechanical properties, disintegration time, wettability, and stability of antioxidant activity were evaluated. The ethanolic extract of green propolis (GPEE) concentration influenced the properties of the OFs. The stability (phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity) was reduced in the first 20 days, and after this period, it remained constant.
Fresh salmon safety and quality is a major concern of consumers. In the current research, the effects of chitosan films incorporated with pink pepper residue extract and combined with modified ...atmosphere packaging (100% CO2) on quality properties of skinless salmon fillets during refrigerated storage (2 °C) were evaluated in the course of 28 days. Two different treatments as chitosan film (CF) and chitosan film incorporated with pink pepper residue extract (CFPP) and a control were compared. Salmon fillets were assessed for physicochemical (pH, WHC, TPA, Cie L*a*b*, TMA, TBA, value K), microbiological (mesophilic and psychrotrophic count, and lactic acid bacteria) and sensory properties. The results showed that CF and CFPP significantly reduced lipid oxidation relative to the control. Bacterial counts were significantly lower in CFPP, contributing to the significant reduction of trimethylamine. For sensory evaluation, CF and CFPP presented satisfactory results of off-odor and overall appearance. Despite being similar to the control, CFPP showed the lowest off-odor score. The results indicated that CFPP were more effective in maintaining the quality of salmon fillets during refrigerated storage.
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•Active film incorporated with pink pepper extract (CFPP) inhibited the chemical spoilage.•The shelf-life of the skinless salmon fillet could be extended by 28 days.•CFPP can be utilized as a preservative for fish under refrigerated storage.
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Biopolymeric films can be used as dressings for the treatment of skin burns and other chronic wounds. The healing properties of these films may be enhanced by the addition of Copaiba ...oil (Copaifera L.) which properties have already been well-described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of Copaiba oil in chitosan films prepared by casting solvent evaporation technique using chitosan solution (2% or 1% wt/wt) and Copaiba oil (0.1 or 1.0% wt/wt) at different concentrations. Films were characterized by color analysis, scanning electron microscopy, mechanical properties, thermal analysis, and fluid handling capacity. The developed films demonstrated potential for wound dressing, translated by the fluid handling capacity similar to that of commercial dressings. While no surfactant was present in the formulation, the droplets of Copaiba oil were well-dispersed and homogeneously distributed in the chitosan matrix even after drying. The thermal analysis translated the occurrence of interactions between the oil and chitosan.
Synthetic polymer coatings impact the biodegradable behavior of cellulosic packaging material. The environmental consequences of food packaging disposal have increased consumer concern. The present ...study aimed to use natural polymer coatings incorporating palmitic acid and activated carbon applied to paperboard surfaces as a sustainable alternative to improve cellulosic packaging material's moisture and fat barrier properties, minimizing the environmental impact. The coating formulation was defined using a Factorial Experimental Design with independent variables: chitosan, palmitic acid, activated carbon concentrations, and the number of coating layers. The highest concentration of chitosan (2.0%
/
) filled the pores of the cellulosic paperboard network, supporting the compounds incorporated into the filmogenic matrix and improving the fat resistance. The water vapor permeability of the coated paperboard material (range: 101 ± 43 to 221 ± 13 g·d
·m
) was influenced by the hydrophobicity effect of palmitic acid, the non-polar characteristic of activated carbon, and the number of applied layers. The coating formulation selected was a chitosan concentration of 2.0% (
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), a palmitic acid concentration of 1.8% (
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), an activated carbon concentration of 1.2% (
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), and an application of three layers. The coating provides the potential for a paperboard surface application, improving the cellulosic packaging material's fat and moisture barrier properties and maintaining biodegradability and recyclability.
Paper is one of the packaging materials that presents a biodegradable character, being used in several areas; however, its barrier properties (gases and fat) and mechanics are reduced, which limits ...its application. Coating papers with synthetic polymers improve these properties, reducing their biodegradability and recyclability. The objective of this work was to develop and characterize coated paperboard, using the tape casting technique, with different ratios of film form agar-agar/chitosan (AA:CHI, 100:0, 50:50, and 0:100) and different numbers of coating layers (operating times for application of 14.25 min and 28.5 min for one and two layers, respectively). A significant reduction in water absorption capacity was found by applying a 0:100 coating (approximately 15%). Considering all coating formulations, the water vapor permeability reduced by 10 to 60% compared to uncoated paperboard, except for two layers coated with 0:100. The tensile index (independent of AA:CHI) was higher in the machine direction (22.59 to 24.99 MPa) than in the cross-section (11.87-13.01 MPa). Paperboard coated only with chitosan showed superior properties compared to the other formulation coatings evaluated.
Camu-camu processing coproducts can present a high concentration of bioactive compounds with antioxidant characteristics. However, the application of these coproducts in food products is little ...explored. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different drying temperatures on camu-camu coproducts in relation to the bioactive compound concentration and the effect of substitution of wheat flour by this coproduct on the characteristics of cookies. Camu-camu coproducts were dried at 50 °C, 60 °C and 70 °C and evaluated for proximate composition, phenolic profile and the total phenolic and antioxidant potential (DPPH, FRAP, ORAC assays). Cookies were produced with 5%–20% replacement of wheat flour by the coproduct powder and characterized in relation to hardness, spreading factor, specific volume and the total phenolic and antioxidant potential. The camu-camu coproduct powder dried at 70 °C showed the highest concentration of total phenolic and antioxidant potential. A total of 11 flavonoids were identified for camu-camu coproduct regardless of drying temperature. The incorporation of camu-camu coproduct powder, with a maximum substitution of 20%, did not affect the physical properties of the cookies when compared to the control cookies, improving total phenolics and antioxidant potential, confirming a possible to insert this coproduct in food industry.
•Drying temperatures influenced the total phenolics content of camu-camu coproducts.•Eleven different phenolic compounds were evidenced in camu-camu coproducts.•The maximum percentage of replacement of wheat flour by camu-camu coproduct was 20%.•Cookies produced with camu-camu byproduct showed an antioxidant potential.
Antimicrobial and biodegradable active films were obtained by incorporating potassium sorbate (PS) and nisin (NIS) into chitosan matrix films. The diffusion mechanism of antimicrobial compounds ...through chitosan matrix was studied, applying Fick's Second Law and the Power Law. Films were produced by casting and the antimicrobial agents were added at different concentrations. They were also characterized by moisture content, water solubility, mechanical properties, contact angle, and microstructure. It was observed that the tensile strength decreased by 49.7% for PS films, and elongation increased by 206% for NIS films, when comparing 10.0 with 2.5 mg/g films. The presence of antimicrobial agents provided a significant increase in contact angle. The modeling fitted to the PS-chitosan films and the diffusivity coefficients did not show significant differences for different compound concentrations. The diffusion coefficients of PS (1.909–2.292×10−13 m2/s) were approximately two times higher than the diffusion coefficient of NIS active films.
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•Mechanicals properties were modified with the addition of antimicrobial agents.•A Fickian liberation mechanism was observed.•The active compounds concentration did not affect the diffusion coefficient.
Starches are promising molecules in the production of edible films. However, the hydrophilic nature of these materials is among the main limitations of packaging based on natural polymers. An ...underexplored alternative is the incorporation of emulsions. This work aimed to produce films based on crosslinked cassava starch with emulsions based on watermelon seed oil (WSO) extracted with pressurized ethanol. The effect of incorporating watermelon seed oil emulsion (WSOE) on the microscopic, structural, mechanical, hydrophilic, and thermal properties of films was analyzed. The internal structure and roughness of the films were significantly affected by increasing WSOE concentration. The WSOE incorporation increased the elongation capacity of the films and reduced the strain at break. WSOE concentrations did not significantly affect the water solubility, permeability, and X-ray diffraction but decreased the wettability of the films. The analysis of the thermal properties showed that the films did not present phase separation in the studied temperature range. Overall, WSOE improved the properties of the films based on cross-linked cassava starch, but it is necessary to optimize the production conditions of the films. These materials may potentially be used as biodegradable food packaging, controlled-release films, and edible coatings in food protection.
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