The influence of the mean emulsion droplet size on flavor retention during spray drying was studied. d-Limonene, ethyl butyrate, and ethyl propionate were used as the model flavors. Gum arabic, ...soybean water-soluble polysaccharides, or modified starch blended with maltodextrin, were used as the wall materials. The increasing emulsion droplet decreased the retention of flavors. The distribution curve containing larger emulsion droplets shifted toward a smaller size after atomization, indicating that the larger emulsion droplets would be changed in size during atomization and result in decreasing flavor retention. For ethyl butyrate and ethyl propionate, the retention had a maximum at the mean emulsion diameter of 1.5 to 2 and 2.5 to 3.5 μm, respectively.
The effect of additives on the morphology of spray-dried powders was investigated by using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using CLSM, the vacuoles ...of powder could be observed easily without ripping off the particle. The wall material was labeled with fluorescein sodium. CLSM images indicated that spray-dried powders at higher outlet temperatures have higher percentages of hollow particles. The addition of gelatin, decaglycerin monolaurate, or ethanol to gum arabic/maltodextrin (GA/MD) solution affected the increment of the percentage of hollow particles in spray-dried powders.
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Effect of 1-MCP release from inclusion complexes in α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) on tomato during storage at room temperature was investigated. Fourteen tomatoes in each closed polystyrene box were treated ...with 5, 15 and 30 mg of 1-MCP inclusion complex powders, respectively. 1-MCP treatment was carried out for 24 h using closed type of polystyrene boxes. Then, the tomatoes were moved to the polystyrene box with holes to continue storage time. The visible colour test was done after 6, 12 and 18-dyas storage time. The average values of red colour index, a* were 21.5, 23.9 and 30.3 for the untreated tomatoes after 6, 12 and 18-days storage, respectively. 1-MCP treatment shows significant effect on the colour change during storage. The results indicated that the treatment of 1 -MCP in tomatoes was useful to delay the ripening and prolong shelf life after post-harvest processing.
The influence of the feed liquid temperature of the spray drying was investigated on the particle morphology (vacuole size and shell thickness of hollow particle) and the stability of encapsulated ...d‐limonene. The feed liquid was the mixture of d‐limonene emulsified in a wall material of blending gum arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) at the mass ratio of 1 : 2, and the liquid temperature was varied from 40 to 80 °C. The percentage of the hollow particle in the spray‐dried powder was over 40% and slightly increased with the rising of the feed temperature. Hollow particles have shells of different thickness, which was estimated from the image with a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The shell thickness increased with the increase in the feed temperature. This finding was qualitatively supported by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the fractured particles. In addition, release and oxidation stability of encapsulated d‐limonene were measured at constant temperature and humidity. The powder at high temperature of feed has higher stability for release and oxidation of d‐limonene than that at a lower feed temperature. The result may partly be attributed to the increase of the shell thickness of the particle at a higher feed temperature. The thicker shell wall possibly served as the barrier of the flavor release and the diffusion of oxygen and moisture from the surrounding environment.
Using data from more than 10 years of observations with the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA), we published a result that the energy spectrum of ultra-high energy cosmic rays extends beyond the ...cutoff energy predicted by Greisen Rhys. Rev. Lett. 16 (1966) 748 and Zatsepin and Kuzmin Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 4 (1966) 114. In this paper, we reevaluate the energy determination method used for AGASA events with respect to the lateral distribution of shower particles, their attenuation with zenith angle, shower front structure, delayed particles observed far from the core and other factors. The currently assigned energies of AGASA events have an accuracy of ±25% in event-reconstruction resolution and ±18% in systematic errors around 10
20 eV. This systematic uncertainty is independent of primary energy above 10
19 eV. Based on the energy spectrum from 10
14.5 eV to a few times 10
20 eV determined at Akeno, there are surely events above 10
20 eV and the energy spectrum extends up to a few times 10
20 eV without a GZK cutoff.
Mysm1(-/-) mice have severely decreased cellularity in hematopoietic organs. We previously revealed that Mysm1 knockout impairs self-renewal and lineage reconstitution of HSCs by abolishing the ...recruitment of key transcriptional factors to the Gfi-1 locus, an intrinsic regulator of HSC function. The present study further defines a large LSKs in >8-week-old Mysm1(-/-) mice that exhibit increased proliferation and reduced cell lineage differentiation compared with those of WT LSKs. We found that IRF2 and IRF8, which are important for HSC homeostasis and commitment as transcription repressors, were expressed at lower levels in Mysm1(-/-) HSCs, and Mysm1 enhanced function of the IRF2 and IRF8 promoters, suggesting that Mysm1 governs the IRFs for HSC homeostasis. We further found that the lower expressions of IRF2 and IRF8 led to an enhanced transcription of p53 in Mysm1(-/-) HSCs, which was recently defined to have an important role in mediating Mysm1(-/-)-associated defects. The study also revealed that Mysm1(-/-) thymocytes exhibited lower IRF2 expression, but had higher Sca1 expression, which has a role in mediating thymocyte death. Furthermore, we found that the thymocytes from B16 melanoma-bearing mice, which display severe thymus atrophy at late tumor stages, exhibited reduced Mysm1 and IRF2 expression but enhanced Sca1 expression, suggesting that tumors may downregulate Mysm1 and IRF2 for thymic T-cell elimination.
The retention of the enzymatic activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) on spray drying was examined under various drying conditions. Trehalose was used in the formulation of feed stocks for the spray ...drying. The retention of ADH activity was dependent on the concentration of ADH in the feed solution. The addition of other proteins, such as bovine serum albumin and β-lactoglobulin, exhibited an additional improvement of the retention of ADH activity. The inlet and outlet temperature of the drying air was another key factor for the enzyme activity on the spray drying. The surface morphology of the spray-dried particle was changed drastically with the addition of proteins.
This study aimed to investigate whether gel dosimetry could be used to measure neutron beams. We irradiated a BANG3-type polymer gel dosimeter using neutron beams in the Neutron exposure Accelerator ...System for Biological Effect Experiments (NASBEE) at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS) in Japan. First, the polymer gels were irradiated from 0 to 7.0 Gy to investigate the dose-R2 responses. Irradiated gels were evaluated using 1.5-T magnetic resonance R2 images. Second, the polymer gels were irradiated to 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 Gy to acquire a depth-R2 response curve. The dose-R2 response curve was linear up to approximately 7 Gy, with a slope of 1.25 Gy−1·s−1. Additionally, compared with the photon- irradiated gels, the neutron-irradiated gels had lower R2 values. The acquired depth-R2 curves of the central axis from the 3.0- and 5.0-Gy neutron dose-irradiated gels exhibited an initial build-up. Although, a detailed investigation is needed, polymer gel dosimetry is effective for measuring the dose-related R2 linearity and depth-R2 relationships of neutron beams.
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