Impairment in social reciprocity is a central component of autism. In preclinical studies, arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been shown to increase a range of social behaviors, including affiliation and ...attachment, via the V(1a) receptor (AVPR1A) in the brain. Both the behavioral effects of AVP and the neural distribution of the V1a receptor vary greatly across mammalian species. This difference in regional receptor expression as well as differences in social behavior may result from a highly variable repetitive sequence in the 5' flanking region of the V1a gene (AVPR1A). Given this comparative evidence for a role in inter-species variation in social behavior, we explored whether within our own species, variation in the human AVPR1A may contribute to individual variations in social behavior, with autism representing an extreme form of social impairment. We genotyped two microsatellite polymorphisms from the 5' flanking region of AVPR1A for 115 autism trios and found nominally significant transmission disequilibrium between autism and one of the microsatellite markers by Multiallelic Transmission/Disequilibrium test (MTDT) that was not significant after Bonferroni correction. We also screened approximately 2 kb of the 5' flanking region and the coding region and identified 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms.
The heavy fermion superconductor CeCoIn5 can be tuned between superconducting and antiferromagnetic ground states by hole doping with Cd. Nuclear magnetic resonance data indicate that these two ...orders coexist microscopically with an ordered moment approximately 0.7 microB. As the ground state evolves, there is no change in the low-frequency spin dynamics in the disordered state. These results suggest that the magnetism emerges locally in the vicinity of the Cd dopants.
Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is controlled by sequential phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation of its inhibitory subunit IκB. A large multiprotein ...complex, the IκB kinase (IKK) signalsome, was purified from HeLa cells and found to contain a cytokine-inducible IκB kinase activity that phosphorylates IκB-α and IκB-β. Two components of the IKK signalsome, IKK-1 and IKK-2, were identified as closely related protein serine kinases containing leucine zipper and helix-loop-helix protein interaction motifs. Mutant versions of IKK-2 had pronounced effects on RelA nuclear translocation and NF-κB-dependent reporter activity, consistent with a critical role for the IKK kinases in the NF-κB signaling pathway.
To quantify the 20-ms Pattern Scan Laser (Pascal) panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP) ablation dosage required for regression of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and to explore factors ...related to long-term regression.
We retrospectively studied a cohort of patients who participated in a randomised clinical trial, the Manchester Pascal Study. In all, 36 eyes of 22 patients were investigated over a follow-up period of 18 months. Primary outcome measures included visual acuity (VA) and complete PDR regression. Secondary outcomes included laser burn dosimetry, calculation of retinal PRP ablation areas, and effect of patient-related factors on disease regression. A PDR subgroup analysis was undertaken to assess all factors related to PDR regression according to disease severity.
There were no significant changes in logMAR VA for any group over time. In total, 10 eyes (28%) regressed after a single PRP. Following top-up PRP treatment, regression rates varied according to severity: 75% for mild PDR (n=6), 67% for moderate PDR (n=14), and 43% in severe PDR (n=3). To achieve complete disease regression, mild PDR required a mean of 2187 PRP burns and 264 mm(2) ablation area, moderate PDR required 3998 PRP burns and area 456 mm(2), and severe PDR needed 6924 PRP laser burns (836 mm(2); P<0.05).
Multiple 20-ms PRP treatments applied over time does not adversely affect visual outcomes, with favourable PDR regression rates and minimal laser burn expansion over 18 months. The average laser dosimetry and retinal ablation areas to achieve complete regression increased significantly with worsening PDR.
Current conceptualizations of process quality in early childhood education highlight a variety of global classroom indicators that directly link to improved child outcomes. This conceptualization may ...need to be extended, however, to facilitate more meaningful change in children's development and readiness for kindergarten. To enhance our current definitions of process quality, we propose a set of more specific, observable adult interaction practice elements as a complement to existing global indicators within structural process elements and the broader preschool classroom ecology. We describe and define three practice types, as well as the individual practice elements within them, to include: (a) adult-led interaction practices, (b) child-led interaction practices, and (c) differentiated scaffolding. In operationalizing each practice element, we also provide empirical evidence as grounding for its inclusion in our conceptualization. We discuss implications and future practice and policy directions.
We have demonstrated a record low 85 mV dec−1 subthreshold slope (SS) at 300 K among the planar inversion-channel InGaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Our MOSFETs ...using in situ deposited Al2O3/Y2O3 as a gate dielectric were fabricated with a self-aligned inversion-channel gate-first process. The temperature-dependent transfer characteristics showed a linear reduction of SS versus temperature, with the attainment of an SS of 22 mV dec−1 at 77 K; the value is comparable to that of the state-of-the-art InGaAs FinFET. The slope factor of SS with temperature (m) is 1.33, which is lower than those reported in the planar InGaAs MOSFETs.
Planar GaAs(100) depletion-mode (D-mode) MOSFETs as passivated with in situ deposited Al2O3/Y2O3 dielectric have shown enhancement of the drain current by 167% and 333% as the gate voltage (Vg) ...increased from flat-band voltage (Vfb), namely Vg = Vfb = 0.5 V to Vg = 2 V and Vg = 4 V, respectively, much higher than those in the previously published GaAs-based D-mode MOSFETs. In addition, we have achieved a high Ion/Ioff of 107 and a subthreshold slope (SS) of 63 mV dec−1, which approaches the thermal limit of 60 mV dec−1 at 300 K and is the record-low value among planar (In)GaAs MOSFETs. Moreover, using the measured SS data, we have deduced an interfacial trap density (Dit) of 4.1 × 1011 eV−1 cm−2 from our Al2O3/Y2O3/GaAs MOSFET, the lowest value among the planar (In)GaAs MOSFETs.
Id proteins may control cell differentiation by interfering with DNA binding of transcription factors. Here we show that targeted disruption of the dominant negative helix-loop-helix proteins Id1 and ...Id3 in mice results in premature withdrawal of neuroblasts from the cell cycle and expression of neural-specific differentiation markers. The Id1-Id3 double knockout mice also display vascular malformations in the forebrain and an absence of branching and sprouting of blood vessels into the neuroectoderm. As angiogenesis both in the brain and in tumours requires invasion of avascular tissue by endothelial cells, we examined the Id knockout mice for their ability to support the growth of tumour xenografts. Three different tumours failed to grow and/or metastasize in Id1+/- Id3-/- mice, and any tumour growth present showed poor vascularization and extensive necrosis. Thus, the Id genes are required to maintain the timing of neuronal differentiation in the embryo and invasiveness of the vasculature. Because the Id genes are expressed at very low levels in adults, they make attractive new targets for anti-angiogenic drug design.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this article, we – the Bacterial Viruses Subcommittee and the Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) – summarise the results of our activities ...for the period March 2020 – March 2021. We report the division of the former Bacterial and Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee in two separate Subcommittees, welcome new members, a new Subcommittee Chair and Vice Chair, and give an overview of the new taxa that were proposed in 2020, approved by the Executive Committee and ratified by vote in 2021. In particular, a new realm, three orders, 15 families, 31 subfamilies, 734 genera and 1845 species were newly created or redefined (moved/promoted).
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