The game theory is a powerful and helpful approach to deal with the complicated relationship between participants efficiently. The Nash bargaining theory, one of the branches of cooperative game, is ...particularly suitable for the conflict of interest among the participants with interactive characteristics. This study analyzes the economic interaction between the community energy manager and the photovoltaic prosumers from a cooperative perspective. An incentive mechanism based on Nash bargaining theory to encourage the prosumers to actively participate in energy management is developed. In the proposed bargaining-based and cooperative model, the community energy manager as an integrated energy provider, is willing to give some rewards to the prosumers to stimulate them to cooperate with itself (i.e., the community energy manager). A photovoltaic prosumer who may behave as an energy buyer or seller determines the exchanged energy through bargaining with the community energy manager to achieve utility maximization. In the proposed model, the prosumers and the community energy manager are cooperative and mutually beneficial rather than a master-slave relationship. This study also provides an analysis of the relationship between the Nash bargaining problem and the social welfare function, illustrating that solving the Nash bargaining problem can obtain a social optimum. Moreover, a distributed algorithm with higher reliability and fault tolerance compared with the central approach is designed to solve the Nash bargaining problem with minimum information so that the privacy of the photovoltaic prosumers can be protected. Numerical studies based on realistic data demonstrate that both the photovoltaic prosumers and the community energy manager can obtain more benefits from the Nash bargaining cooperative model compared with a Stackelberg game method.
•Optimal decisions of the players based on Nash bargaining theory.•A model to help the prosumers to actively cooperate with the energy manager.•Relationship between social welfare and the Nash bargaining problem.•Obtaining social optimum through solving the proposed model.•Improving the benefits of the energy manager and prosumers.
•Two-stage method based on Nash bargaining theory to solve P2P trading is proposed.•The proposed model can incentivize the cooperation among players.•The optimal amounts of exchanged energy among the ...customers can be obtained.•Obtaining the optimal trading payments by solving the payments bargaining problem.•Social welfare maximization can be achieved through the proposed model.
In the traditional power system, the end users are independent individuals without any interaction. While the development of communication and information technology brings many possibilities for the interaction and cooperation among these individuals. This study explores the interaction and cooperative relationship among the prosumers and consumers within a community in the Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy sharing trading. In the community, a customer would like to provide some payoffs to encourage other customers to exchange certain amounts of energy to obtain more profits. We propose a two-stage optimization approach on the optimal strategies to maximize their utilities in the P2P energy sharing trading. In the first-stage optimization model, the decision on whether to participate in the P2P energy sharing trading is obtained based on the maximization of social utility function. Meanwhile, the optimal amounts of exchanged energy also can be obtained. In the second-stage optimization model, we provide an analysis of the optimal associated trading payments based on a payments bargaining model. Both of the above two optimization problems are solved based on a distributed algorithm respectively. Moreover, we demonstrate that the customers who participate in P2P energy sharing trading can improve their utilities compared with an individual optimization method based on a case study.
Breaking the D
symmetry in the square-planar M-N
configuration of macrocycle molecular catalysts has witnessed enhanced electrocatalytic activity, but at the expense of electrochemical stability. ...Herein, we hypothesize that the lability of the active Cu-N
motifs in the N-confused copper (II) tetraphenylporphyrin (CuNCP) could be overcome by applying pulsed potential electrolysis (PPE) during electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction. We find that applying PPE can indeed enhance the CH
selectivity on CuNCP by 3 folds to reach the partial current density of 170 mA cm
at >60 % Faradaic efficiency (FE) in flow cell. However, combined ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), infrared (IR), Raman, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) characterizations reveal that, in a prolonged time scale, the decomplexation of CuNCP is unavoidable, and the promoted water dissociation under high anodic bias with lowered pH and enriched protons facilitates successive hydrogenation of *CO on the irreversibly reduced Cu nanoparticles, leading to the improved CH
selectivity. As a key note, this study signifies the adaption of electrolytic protocol to the catalyst structure for tailoring local chemical environment towards efficient CO
reduction.
Breaking the D4h symmetry in the square‐planar M−N4 configuration of macrocycle molecular catalysts has witnessed enhanced electrocatalytic activity, but at the expense of electrochemical stability. ...Herein, we hypothesize that the lability of the active Cu−N3 motifs in the N‐confused copper (II) tetraphenylporphyrin (CuNCP) could be overcome by applying pulsed potential electrolysis (PPE) during electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction. We find that applying PPE can indeed enhance the CH4 selectivity on CuNCP by 3 folds to reach the partial current density of 170 mA cm−2 at >60 % Faradaic efficiency (FE) in flow cell. However, combined ex situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), infrared (IR), Raman, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) characterizations reveal that, in a prolonged time scale, the decomplexation of CuNCP is unavoidable, and the promoted water dissociation under high anodic bias with lowered pH and enriched protons facilitates successive hydrogenation of *CO on the irreversibly reduced Cu nanoparticles, leading to the improved CH4 selectivity. As a key note, this study signifies the adaption of electrolytic protocol to the catalyst structure for tailoring local chemical environment towards efficient CO2 reduction.
Pulse potential electrolysis bolsters the methane selectivity on N‐confused copper (II) tetraphenylporphyrin by 3‐fold through promoted water dissociation, aggrandized OH− consumption and thereby populated protons at high anodic bias.
Implementing the synergistic effects between the metal and the ligand has successfully streamlined the energetics for CO
activation and gained high catalytic activities, establishing the important ...breakthroughs in photocatalytic CO
reduction. Herein, we describe a Ni(II) N-confused porphyrin complex (
) featuring an acidic N-H group. It is readily deprotonated and exists in an anion form during catalysis. Owing to this functional site,
gave rise to an outstanding turnover number (TON) as high as 217,000 with a 98% selectivity for CO
reduction to CO, while the parent Ni(II) porphyrin (
) was found to be nearly inactive. Our mechanistic analysis revealed a nonclassical reaction pattern where CO
was effectively activated via the attack of the Lewis-basic ligand. The resulting ligand-bound CO
adduct could be further reduced to produce CO. This new metal-ligand synergistic effect is anticipated to inspire the design of highly active catalysts for small molecule activations.
Implementing the synergistic effects between the metal and the ligand has successfully streamlined the energetics for CO2 activation and gained high catalytic activities, establishing the important ...breakthroughs in photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Herein, we describe a Ni(II) N-confused porphyrin complex (NiNCP) featuring an acidic N–H group. It is readily deprotonated and exists in an anion form during catalysis. Owing to this functional site, NiNCP gave rise to an outstanding turnover number (TON) as high as 217,000 with a 98% selectivity for CO2 reduction to CO, while the parent Ni(II) porphyrin (NiTPP) was found to be nearly inactive. Our mechanistic analysis revealed a nonclassical reaction pattern where CO2 was effectively activated via the attack of the Lewis-basic ligand. The resulting ligand-bound CO2 adduct could be further reduced to produce CO. This new metal–ligand synergistic effect is anticipated to inspire the design of highly active catalysts for small molecule activations.
Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (eCO2R) in neutral electrolytes represents a viable solution for alleviating energy and carbon losses associated with carbonate formation, but limited by ...suboptimal C2+ selectivity and productivity owing to the higher C−C coupling kinetic barrier in such media. To address the issue, here Cu2O nanocubes are encapsulated within metalloporphyrin frameworks to create a benign microenvironment for C−C coupling, with the best catalyst of Cu2O@Cu−TCPP(Co) demonstrating a maximal C2H4 and C2+ FE of 54 ± 2% and 69 ± 4%, respectively, at 500 mA cm−2 in 1 M KCl. Comprehensive structural and spectrometric characterizations utilizing in situ attenuated total reflectance surface‐enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR−SEIRAS), in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), operando Raman, and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR−TEM) unveil that the high CO2 adsorption endowed by the metal‐organic framework (MOF) overlayer, high CO concentration yield by metalloporphyrins, high local pH rendered by spatial confinement, as well as the highly dispersed Cu crystallites exposing (200) facets synergistically contribute to the asymmetric C−C coupling of *CO and *COH intermediates in favor of C2+ production. Orchestrating the active moieties in a concerted fashion, this study offers a paradigm for the design of eCO2R catalysts in neutral electrolytes.
Employing an auxiliary concatenation technique, a metalloporphyrin‐based MOF nanosheet is in situ encapsulated onto Cu2O to enhance the local microenvironment for ethylene electrosynthesis in neutral electrolytes. This design simultaneously leverages the metalloporphyrin overlayer as a CO generator, a protective barrier for the underlying Cu2O, and a porous structure enriching the catalyst/electrolyte interface with reactive species, thereby promoting effective C−C coupling.
Assembly of two-dimensional (2D) metal–organic layers (MOLs) based on the hard and soft acid–base theorem represents an exquisite strategy for the construction of photocatalytic platforms in virtue ...of the highly exposed active sites, much improved mass transport, and greatly elevated stability. Herein, nanocages composed of MOLs are produced for the first time through a cosolvent approach utilizing zirconium-based UiO-66-(OH)
2
as the structural precursor. To endow the catalytic activity for CO
2
conversion, single atomic Co
2+
sites are appended to the Zr-oxo nodes of the MOL cages, demonstrating a remarkable CO yield of 7.74 mmol·g
−1
·h
−1
and operational stability of 97.1% product retention after five repeated cycles. Such an outstanding photocatalytic performance is mainly attributed to the unique nanocage morphology comprising enormous 2D nanosheets for augmented Co
2+
exposure and the abundant surface hydroxyl groups for local CO
2
enrichment. This work underlines the tailoring of both metal–organic framework (MOF) morphology and functionality to boost the turnover rate of photocatalytic CO
2
reduction reaction (CO
2
RR).
Abstract Breaking the D 4h symmetry in the square‐planar M−N 4 configuration of macrocycle molecular catalysts has witnessed enhanced electrocatalytic activity, but at the expense of electrochemical ...stability. Herein, we hypothesize that the lability of the active Cu−N 3 motifs in the N‐confused copper (II) tetraphenylporphyrin (CuNCP) could be overcome by applying pulsed potential electrolysis (PPE) during electrocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction. We find that applying PPE can indeed enhance the CH 4 selectivity on CuNCP by 3 folds to reach the partial current density of 170 mA cm −2 at >60 % Faradaic efficiency (FE) in flow cell. However, combined ex situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), infrared (IR), Raman, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) characterizations reveal that, in a prolonged time scale, the decomplexation of CuNCP is unavoidable, and the promoted water dissociation under high anodic bias with lowered pH and enriched protons facilitates successive hydrogenation of *CO on the irreversibly reduced Cu nanoparticles, leading to the improved CH 4 selectivity. As a key note, this study signifies the adaption of electrolytic protocol to the catalyst structure for tailoring local chemical environment towards efficient CO 2 reduction.
