The processes by which neural stem cells (NSCs) and neural precursor cells (NPCs) transform into the characteristic lineages observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are poorly characterized. ...Understanding these processes is of critical importance due to the increased prevalence of AD and the lack of effective AD strategies. Here, we used immunohistochemistry and Western blot to find out if MeCP2 was phosphorylated at a specific amino acid residue, Serine 421 (S421), and activated in response to AD-induced damage in amyloid precursor protein (APP)/PSl transgenic mice, altering its nuclear to cytoplasmic shuttling. Epigenetic examinations combined with chromatin immunoprecipitation and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation revealed that the translocation of MeCP2 from the nucleus to cytoplasm led to the loss of lineage-specific gene promoters (such as
, and
), decreased transcriptional repression, and the activation of gene expression. Immunofluorescence data demonstrated that neurogenic progenitors with high levels of active phosphorylated MeCP2 at S421 (MeCP2 pS421) possessed a high probability of development into doublecortin (DCX)-expressing cells. AD7c-NTP will control neurogenic progenitor regeneration through its effects on MeCP2 pS421, leading to altered lineage-specific gene expression. This adds to the growing list of biological effects of AD7c-NTP in the brain and highlights MeCP2 as relevant to the plasticity of neural cells in the AD mice striatum.
To curb the continuous deterioration of ozone (O3) pollution in China, identifying the O3-precursor sensitivity (OPS) and its driving factors is a prerequisite for formulating effective O3 pollution ...control measures. Traditional OPS identification methods have limitations in terms of spatiotemporal representation and timeliness; therefore, they are not appropriate for making OPS forecasts for O3 contingency control. OPS is not only influenced by local precursor emissions but is also closely related to meteorological conditions governed by large-scale circulation (LSC). In this study, a localized three-dimensional numerical modeling system was used to investigate the relationship between LSC and OPS in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of China during September 2017, a month with continuous O3 pollution. Our results highlighted that there was a close relationship between LSC and OPS over the PRD, and the four dominant LSC patterns corresponded well to the NOx-limited, NOx-limited, VOC-limited, and transitional regimes, respectively. The clear linkage between LSC and OPS was mainly driven by the spatial heterogeneity of NOx and VOC emissions within and beyond the PRD along the prevailing winds under different LSC patterns. A conceptual model was developed to highlight the intrinsic causality between the LSC and OPS. Because current technology can accurately forecast LSC 48–72 h in advance, the LSC-based OPS forecast method provided us with a novel approach to guide contingency control and management measures to reduce peak O3 at a regional scale.
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•Dominant large-scale circulation (LSC) was identified in the Pearl River Delta (PRD).•A close linkage between LSC and O3-precursor sensitivity (OPS) was evidenced in PRD.•OPS was driven by spatial heterogeneity of NOx and VOC emissions under different LSC.•A LSC-based OPS forecast leaves enough time to guide a dynamic O3 control strategy.
This work presents a method for achieving soliton transformation in a cold Rydberg atomic system to enable the realization of diverse optical potentials. Our investigation demonstrates that this ...system can generate various solitons, including Gaussian, elliptical, ring, and necklace structures, based on different optical lattice potentials. Additionally, stable transitions from Gaussian profile to three other profiles can be achieved either abruptly or gradually by adjusting the centers and modulation depths of potentials along the direction of light propagation. These findings highlight the versatility of this system for generating and manipulating solitons. The ability to control soliton transformation offers prospects for various applications, including all-optical switching, optical information processing, and other areas.
•We propose a novel method for achieving soliton transformations in a cold Rydberg atomic system.•Various types of solitons, such as Gaussian, elliptical, ring, and necklace profiles, can be generated.•Three center modulation strategies, including sudden, linear, and sinusoidal types are adopted for the transformation of solitons.•Soliton transformations can be modulated by precisely adjusting the centers and modulation depths of potentials.
•Multioptical bottles structure with different sizes, lengths, number and locations is generated.•The power order of annular spiral-zone power-exponent-phase structures can manipulate light ...field.•The multioptical bottles beams can be used in multiparticle manipulation.
In this paper, we introduce a new structure of multioptical bottles formed by the chirped circular Bessel Gaussian beams carrying annular spiral-zone power-exponent-phase (ASP). The ASP is a general term for complex phases composed of the radial phase, equiphase, and power spiral phase. By combining the influence of autofocusing properties, chirp factor, and ASP mode, the propagation dynamics of the proposed multioptical bottles beam such as the sizes, lengths, number and locations can be flexibly manipulated. Intriguingly, the effect of the power order of ASP mode on the beam propagation dynamics is firstly introduced and examined. The proposed beams can enable diversification the optical tweezers system in multiparticle manipulation, which is verified by the radiation force analysis on a Rayleigh particle.
Tumor-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment in which myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) plays an important role, remains an obstacle for effective oncotherapy currently. Inducing MDSCs ...into maturation was confirmed as an effective method to reduce the tumor-bearing host's immunosuppression. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) possess characteristics of alleviating immunosuppression of cancer patients and low toxicity. Jianpi Huayu Decoction (JHD) was an experienced formula of TCM for oncotherapy based on TCM theory and clinical practice. We previously observed that JHD attenuated the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in tumor. IL-10 and TGF-β were found to be cytokines positively related to immunosuppression induced by MDSCs. Here, our study was designed to further investigate the regulation of JHD on the immune system in the H
22
liver-cancer mouse model. Mainly, flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of immune cells, to analyze the apoptosis, differentiation and reactive oxygen species of MDSCs. We found that JHD significantly reduced the destruction of spleen structure, reduced the proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper 17 cells (Th17), and increased the proportion of cytotoxic T lymphotes (CTL), Dendritic cells (DC) and CD11b
+
Gr-1
+
cells in spleen, but with no significant change of T helper 1 cells (Th1), T helper 2 cells (Th2) and macrophages. In vitro experiments showed that apoptosis of MDSCs was decreased as the time of JHD stimulation increased, which partly explained the increase of CD11b
+
Gr-1
+
cells in the spleen. Meanwhile, JHD could promote the differentiation of MDSCs into macrophages and dendritic cells, attenuate expression of ROS in MDSCs and reduce its inhibition on the proliferation of CD4
+
T cells, in vitro. Therefore, that the proportion of CD11b
+
Gr-1
+
cells increased in the spleen of tumor-bearing hosts may not be villainy after treatment, when these drugs suppress the immunosuppressive ability of CD11b
+
Gr-1
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cells and promote it mature to replenish dendritic cell, at the same time. Generally, JHD may be a complementary and alternative drug for attenuating the immunosuppressive status induced by hepatocellular carcinoma, possibly by promoting differentiation and inhibiting the immunosuppressive activity of MDSCs.
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•Pretreatment of H2S promotes plants tolerance to submergence.•The H2S-Cys cycle plays a vital role in Arabidopsis mitigating to submergence.•H2S regulates transcription factors, ...hypoxia-sensing and hormone related genes.•H2S alters metabolites associated with amino acids and phytohormones during flooding.
As the global climate changes, the frequency and severity of flood disasters have increased significantly, seriously affecting agricultural production. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as a gaseous signal molecule, plays an important role in plant development and stress adaptation. Previous studies suggested that H2S acts as an oxygen sensor when animals experience hypoxia. However, the role of H2S in the response and adaptation to flooding-induced hypoxia stress in plants is poorly understood. Here, we report that pretreatment with exogenous H2S or Cys significantly improved tolerance to submergence in Arabidopsis. Total submergence of soil-grown Arabidopsis increased the levels of endogenous H2S and its main endogenously generated product, cysteine (Cys) over time, and altered the expression of H2S or Cys biosynthesis- or metabolism-related genes, implying that the H2S-Cys homeostasis may contribute to regulation of tolerance to flooding. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses demonstrated that exogenous H2S-pretreatment activated hypoxia-responsive transcription factors and hypoxia sensing-related genes in a timely manner and limited cellular activities associated with growth through regulation of hormonal signaling, but had less influence on transcripts associated with photosynthesis. H2S-pretreatment also altered the levels of metabolites, particularly of amino acids and plant hormones, during submergence. Taken together, this study provides new insight into how H2S regulates tolerance to submergence-induced hypoxia stress and lays the foundation to design new strategies for the improvement of submergence resistance in crops.
In the past decade, ozone (O3) pollution has been continuously worsening in most developing countries. The accurate identification of the nonlinear relationship between O3 and its precursors is a ...prerequisite for formulating effective O3 control measures. At present, precursor-based O3 isopleth diagrams are widely used to infer O3 control strategy at a particular location. However, there is frequently a large gap between the O3-precursor nonlinearity delineated by the O3 isopleths and the emission source control measures to reduce O3 levels. Consequently, we developed an emission source-based O3 isopleth diagram that directly illustrates the O3 level changes in response to synergistic control on two types of emission sources using a validated numerical modeling system and the latest regional emission inventory. Isopleths can be further upgraded to isosurfaces when co-control on three types of emission sources is investigated. Using Guangzhou and Foshan as examples, we demonstrate that similar precursor-based O3 isopleths can be associated with significantly different emission source co-control strategies. In Guangzhou, controlling solvent use emissions was the most effective approach to reduce peak O3 levels. In Foshan, co-control of on-road mobile, solvent use, and fixed combustion sources with a ratio of 3:1:2 or 3:1:3 was best to effectively reduce the peak O3 levels below 145 ppbv. This study underscores the importance of using emission source-based O3 isopleths and isosurface diagrams to guide a precursor emission control strategy that can effectively reduce the peak O3 levels in a particular area.
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SUMMARY
Saccharum spontaneum and Saccharum officinarum contributed to the genetic background of modern sugarcane cultivars. Saccharum spontaneum has shown a higher net photosynthetic rate and lower ...soluble sugar than S. officinarum. Here, we analyzed 198 RNA‐sequencing samples to investigate the molecular mechanisms for the divergences of photosynthesis and sugar accumulation between the two Saccharum species. We constructed gene co‐expression networks based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) both for leaf developmental gradients and diurnal rhythm. Our results suggested that the divergence of sugar accumulation may be attributed to the enrichment of major carbohydrate metabolism and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. Compared with S. officinarum, S. spontaneum DEGs showed a high enrichment of photosynthesis and contained more complex regulation of photosynthesis‐related genes. Noticeably, S. spontaneum lacked gene interactions with sulfur assimilation stimulated by photorespiration. In S. spontaneum, core genes related to clock and photorespiration displayed a sensitive regulation by the diurnal rhythm and phase‐shift. Small subunit of Rubisco (RBCS) displayed higher expression in the source tissues of S. spontaneum. Additionally, it was more sensitive under a diurnal rhythm, and had more complex gene networks than that in S. officinarum. This indicates that the differential regulation of RBCS Rubisco contributed to photosynthesis capacity divergence in both Saccharum species.
Significance Statement
We analyzed 198 RNA‐seq samples to construct gene co‐expression networks based on differentially expressed genes for both leaf developmental gradients and diurnal rhythm between the two founding Saccharum species. By analyzing the characteristics of leaf gradient transcriptome and time point transcriptome of two Saccharum species, we provided a foundation for understanding the differentiation law of photosynthesis and sugar metabolism of two founding Saccharum species.
Upgrading of vacuum residue is of prime industrial significance due to the increasing demand for light oils. Elucidating the effect of catalyst morphology on vacuum residue hydrotreating performance ...by kinetic modeling is therefore of great importance. Herein, kinetic analysis of hydrodemetallization (HDM) and hydrodeconradson-carbon-residue (HDCCR) performances on industrial Ni–Mo/Al2O3 catalysts with spherical and cylindrical morphologies in ebullated-bed were evaluated for more than 1600 h. It was found that the percentage of light impurities easier to be removed on spherical catalysts were 78.20% and 39.43% in HDM and HDCCR reactions, respectively, higher than 65.20% and 17.50% on cylindrical catalysts. This suggests that catalyst morphology affects the impurity removal ability and the impurity properties, resulting in better hydrotreating performance of spherical catalysts. This work not only combines catalyst morphology with impurity removal capability through kinetic modeling, but also provides new insights into the design of efficient hydrotreating catalysts.
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• Kinetic modeling of vacuum residue hydrotreating for 1600 h was performed.• Catalyst morphology affects the impurity properties and the impurity removal ability.• Light impurities on spherical catalysts are more than those on cylindrical catalysts.• Spherical catalysts are more capable of removing impurities than cylindrical catalysts.
Background
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) are the two most common forms of neurodegenerative dementia. Although both of them have well-established diagnostic ...criteria, achieving early diagnosis remains challenging. Here, we aimed to make the differential diagnosis of AD and FTLD from clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging features.
Materials and methods
In this retrospective study, we selected 95 patients with PET-CT defined AD and 106 patients with PET-CT/biomarker-defined FTLD. We performed structured chart examination to collect clinical data and ascertain clinical features. A series of neuropsychological scales were used to assess the neuropsychological characteristics of patients. Automatic tissue segmentation of brain by Dr. Brain tool was used to collect multi-parameter volumetric measurements from different brain areas. All patients’ structural neuroimage data were analyzed to obtain brain structure and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) quantitative data.
Results
The prevalence of vascular disease associated factors was higher in AD patients than that in FTLD group. 56.84% of patients with AD carried at least one APOE ε4 allele, which is much high than that in FTLD patients. The first symptoms of AD patients were mostly cognitive impairment rather than behavioral abnormalities. In contrast, behavioral abnormalities were the prominent early manifestations of FTLD, and few patients may be accompanied by memory impairment and motor symptoms. In direct comparison, patients with AD had slightly more posterior lesions and less frontal atrophy, whereas patients with FTLD had more frontotemporal atrophy and less posterior lesions. The WMH burden of AD was significantly higher, especially in cortical areas, while the WMH burden of FTLD was higher in periventricular areas.
Conclusion
These results indicate that dynamic evaluation of cognitive function, behavioral and psychological symptoms, and multimodal neuroimaging are helpful for the early diagnosis and differentiation between AD and FTLD.
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