A comprehensive site selection analysis is essential for implementing cost-effective and efficient SPPs. We selected optimal sites for SPPs by considering different criteria and restrictions using ...the GIS-based MCDA. Highly suitable and most suitable sites were determined by GIS and AHP for establishing PV SPP in the Çanakkale province. Furthermore, the potential of these sites to meet the energy demand was examined. Next, the potential power capacity and payback period of each of the five alternative SPP project sites selected from the most suitable sites were analysed. The results demonstrated that 96% of the study area was restricted, 3‰ was most suitable and 3% was highly suitable for PV SPPs. The most suitable sites exhibited the potential to meet all electrical energy needs of the province of Çanakkale during installation. The potential power capacities of the five selected alternatives were between approximately 0.9 and 1.6 MWp, whereas potential payback periods were between 12.1 and 14.7 years.
Integrated Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and electronic compass; small, sturdy form factor; supports all communications, satellites, and constellations (Revolutionary 9 axis IMU and ultra-compact ...3-axis e-Compass). By integrating a 9-axis IMU with a digital compass, the Topcon Hiper Versatile Global Navigation Satellite System (VR GNSS) receiver can correct for up to 15 degrees of pole tilt. It may be now measured all the way to the edge/corner of a building without requiring an offset. The emerging technology makes up for the fact that plum field surveys can be off by up to 15 degrees. The accuracy of measured building corners is investigated in this study using Topcon Inertial Levelling Technology (TILT) in the IMU and e-Compass. The results of a case study of 5, 10, 15 degree tilt angles show that a 3D positioning accuracy of about 10 cm is achievable even when the pole is tilted.
Construction sites commonly utilize bulldozers, wheel loaders, excavators, scrapers, and graders. Among these, excavators are versatile hydraulic heavy-duty equipment operated by humans. They are ...employed for various tasks like digging, levelling the ground, transporting and dumping loads, as well as providing straight traction. However, certain hazardous environments, such as nuclear disasters or earthquakes, are not suitable for human on-site work. To enhance productivity, accuracy, and profitability in excavation projects, the adoption of 3D machine control is recommended. The Topcon 3D Excavator X63 System offers advanced and precise GNSS positioning technology, coupled with Hidromek with Assist and an intuitive software interface, to significantly improve excavation operations. In this study, the accuracy of the coordinates of the route followed by the Excavator was checked by using RTK GNSS method by using P1 reference point. While the differences obtained in horizontal coordinates are 2–2.5 cm and 4–6 cm in vertical coordinates. In addition, excavation calculations of the earthwork area were performed and checked with the number of bucket of the excavator. The differences obtained from the earthwork were calculated as 0.8 cubic meters for each bucket.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Can, a county in the province of Canakkale, is one of the most prominent coal mining districts in Turkey. Many mining companies have been operating coal deposits for power generation and district ...heating in this region since 1980. Generally, small and medium-scale mining companies operate for short periods and abandon the operational land without providing any rehabilitation. Human intervention in the natural structure and topography of the earth surface causes large holes and deterioration in these areas. Artificial lakes occur because of surface discharge and underground leakage into abandoned open pit mines with high lignite sulfur content (0.21–14.36 wt %). Furthermore, these lakes gain acidic character due to acid generation from pyrite oxidation. Acid mine lakes are highly acidic (pH < 3.05) and have elevated concentrations of Formula: see text, Fe and some metals. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the environmental conditions and demonstrate the development of a monitoring system for their possible changes in the acid mine lakes of the open cast lignite mining area on a regional scale. For this purpose, the data received from remote sensing satellites were used. Areal change detection and perimeter changes of nine acid mine lakes caused by coal mining companies in Can from 1977 to 2011, were determined using Landsat, Quickbird and Worldview satellite images. As a case study, an area of 9 km² was chosen for the variety of acid mine lakes. Using GIS software, satellite images were analyzed in time series, borders of acid mine lakes were digitized and converted into vector data format. At this stage, prior to the digitization, in order to create contrast on the satellite images, “stretch type” and “stretch values” were changed. The areal and perimeter changes were computed and presented via tables and graphics. In addition, thematic maps of the acid mine lakes were created and visualized. The results show that the number of acid mine lakes increased and these caused environmental risks due to their hydrochemical properties and areal increments.
Izmir, which is one of the biggest cities of Turkey and has the extensive tectonic features of the Western Anatolia region, has been struck in recent years due to its high seismic activity. In ...particular, the south of Izmir is one of the regions that has high seismic activity in the city, which is constrained by major fault zones. The earthquake of magnitude of a Mw 6.9 occurred 8 km north of Samos Island at a depth of 16 km on 30.10.2020, at 11:51:24 UTC (14:51:24 Local Time (LT)). It occurred on a 40-kilometer-long north-dipping normal fault zone in the Mediterranean between Greece’s Samos Island and Turkey’s Kuşadası Bay. Following the mainschock, a tsunami with a height of more than 1 meter occurred at Sığacık Bay, south of Izmir, and on the north side of Samos Island. This article focuses on the investigation of the Samos earthquake by utilizing both GNSS data and InSAR images, and the obtained results are given in this paper. GNSS data were processed by using CSRS-PPP Software as static and kinematic modes. After processing the GNSS data, the maximum displacements were observed at CESME and IZMIR CORS-TR points located in the north of the fault. Horizontal movements of 12 cm and 6 cm towards the north were obtained at CESME and IZMIR points, respectively. However, the amount of horizontal movements was less at DIDIM and AYDIN CORS-TR locations, which are located to the south of the fault. In addition to GNSS data, ESA Sentinel-1 SAR data was used in the InSAR procedure, and the displacements were clarified using the unwrapped interferogram. The interferogram revealed a 10 cm uplift in the west of the Island of Samos and a 10 cm subsidence in the Izmir region, on the north side of the fault, based on the InSAR data. The most striking feature of this study is that the earthquake that occurred near the island of Samos was reported by Gansas’ study that the 3 GNSS points (SAMO, SAMU, and 093A) on the island of Samos are moving in a south direction and the largest displacement is about 36 centimetres south. However, in our study, the north direction is more prominent as the direction of movement at IZMIR and CESME points. The movement at the DIDIM point supports his work. In other words, the Samos Fault affected the points located in the north and south differently.
This paper presents Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic and whole-rock geochemical data of Miocene to Pliocene volcanic rocks in the Eastern Anatolia (Turkey) aiming to unravel their sources and evolutionary history. ...The wide compositional range of lavas and pyroclastics includes basaltic andesite, basaltic trachyandesite, trachyandesite, andesite and trachydacite. These calc-alkaline volcanics are enriched in large ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements and depleted in the high field strength elements. Sr-Nd isotope data indicate low values for 87Sr/86Sr(i) (0.70432–0.70464) and high values for 143Nd/144Nd(i) (0.51272–0.51282). Further, these data are within the mantle array of the isotope ratio diagram. The lead (Pb) isotopic compositions (206Pb/204Pb(i)=18.33 to 18.62, 207Pb/204Pb(i)=15.51 to 15.60, 208Pb/204Pb(i)=38.10 to 38.45) reveals the presence of an enriched source. The main petrological processes involved fractional crystallization and the mixing of at least two fractionated magmas having same source characteristics. All evidence supports the findings that the Kandilli volcanic rocks were derived from a partial melting of the both spinel and garnet bearing subcontinental lithospheric mantle, which had been previously metasomatized by mostly fluids derived from subducted slab during the collisional and post-collisional extension-related geodynamic setting in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey.
•Petrochemistry of the Neogene volcanics in the Eastern Anatolia were studied.•Whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data were presented.•The volcanics rocks show medium to high-K compositions.•Mixing and AFC modelling were evaluated.•Parental magma derived from subcontinental lithospheric enriched mantle.
The debate about whether Eocene magmatism is considered to be post-collisional or subduction-related or not still continues. Here we offer new 40Ar-39Ar ad U-Pb zircon geochronology, mineral ...chemistry, bulk rock and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry data obtained from the southern dike (SD) suite, in comparison with the northern dike (ND) suite, from the Eastern Pontides. The geochronological data indicate that the SD suite erupted between 45.89 and 45.10 Ma corresponding to the Lutetian (Middle Eocene). The magmas of the ND suite are characterised by slightly more alkaline affinity compared to the SD suite. The trace and rare earth element (REEs) content of the SD suite is characterised by large ion lithophile element (LILEs; Sr, K2O, Ba, Rb) enrichment and depletion of Nb, Ta, and TiO2 elements to different degree with high Th/Yb ratios, which indicate that the magmas forming the SD and ND suites were derived from lithospheric mantle sources enriched by mostly slab-derived fluids in the spinel stability field. The Sr, Nd and Pb radiogenic isotope ratios of the dikes support the view that the magma for the hydrous group (H-SD) was derived from a relatively more enriched mantle source than the other SD and ND suites. The ND suite and the anhydrous group (A-SD) display similar geochemical features characterised by moderate light earth element (LREE)/heavy rare earth element (HREE) ratios, while the H-SD group has respectively lower LREE/HREE ratios indicating higher melting degree. Detailed considerations of the alkalinity, enrichment and partial melting degree for the source of the studied volcanic rocks indicate that the magmas of the northern dike suite are characterised by slightly more alkaline affinity, whereas the magmas throughout the southern dike suite show increments in the enrichment rate and melting degree. In light of the obtained data and comparative interpretations, the geodynamic evolution and differences in petrogenetic character of the Lutetian magmas from both the northern and southern parts of the Eastern Pontides may be explained by different degrees of melting of a net veined mantle source initially metasomatized by mostly subduction fluids during asthenospheric upwelling due to fragmented asymmetric delamination in a post-collisional extensional tectonic environment.
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the prognostic value of the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII)and its impact on survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). A total ...of 706patients with mRCC treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)between January 2007 and June 2020 (i.e., sunitinib, pazopanib) were included in this study. SII was calculated in 621 patients with the following formula:neutrophil (cellsx10
9
/L) x platelet (cellsx10
9
/L) / lymphocyte (cellsx10
9
/L).All patients were classified into SII-high and SII-low groups based on the cut-off value of SII at 756, which was the median SII level of our study group. The minimal follow-up duration was 10 months in all cohorts. The median age of patients was 60 (interquartile range (IQR):53–67) years. Three out of four patients were male. The majority of patients (85.7%) had clear cell histology, and sarcomatoid differentiation was observed in 16.9% of all patients. There were 311 and 310 patients in the SII-low and SII-high groups, respectively. In general, baseline characteristics were similar in each group. However, the rate of patients treated with sunitinib (63.3% vs. 49.0%,
p
< 0.001) and those who underwent nephrectomy (83.6% vs. 64.2%,
p
< 0.001) was higher in the SII-low group than in the SII-high group. On the other hand, patients with the IMDC poorrisk (31.6% vs. 8.0%,
p
< 0.001), those with bone (51.8% vs. 32.2%,
p
< 0.001) or central nervous system (12.9% vs. 5.8%,
p
= 0.026) metastasis, and those with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG) 2–4 performance score (28.1% vs.17.7%,
p
= 0.002) were more common in the SII-high group than in the SII-low group. The median overall survival (OS) was longer in the SII-low group than in the SII-high group (34.6 months vs. 14.5 months,
p
< 0.001). Similarly, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was longer in the SII-low group than in the SII-high group (18.0 months vs. 7.7 months,
p
< 0.001).In multivariableanalysis, SII was an independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio (HR):1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.05–1.85,
p
= 0.01) and PFS (HR:1.60, 95% CI:1.24–2.05,
p
< 0.001).Pre-treatment level of high SII might be considered a predictor of poor prognosisin patients with mRCC treated with TKIs.
Jamming is electromagnetic radiation or reflection that impairs the function of electronic instruments and equipment or communication tools. Intentionally disrupting or interfering with GPS signals, ...which are used for positioning, navigation, and timing, known as “GPS jamming”, is accomplished using a radio frequency emitting device. On January 8, 2022 (the day of a NATO exercise), it was investigated how GPS signal jamming affected the position accuracy at three IGS points in Iceland. The obtained coordinate differences between kinematic processing and static processing reached values of about 0.5–10 meters for the MAYV, and HOFN stations in this study. In addition to GPS signal jamming effect in Iceland, horizontal and vertical velocity fields of the three IGS stations in Iceland covering a twenty-two year period (2000–2022) in this study. According to the obtained results, a motion of about 2cm–2.5cm per year (horizontal) and 0.1cm–2.1cm per year (vertical) was computed at the three IGS stations (HOFN, REYK, and MAYV) located in Iceland.
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