Carbon bisnucleophiles are important building blocks in organic synthesis and have widespread applications in the construction of carbocyclic compounds. Among them, 1,2‐carbon bisnucleophile has been ...much less explored. Herein, we developed a 2+3 annulation of 2‐(2‐oxoindolin‐3‐yl)malononitrile with 2‐nitroallylic acetates, where 2‐(2‐oxoindolin‐3‐yl)malononitrile served as a new type of 1,2‐carbon bisnucleophile. Remarkably, the annulation reaction exhibits exclusive chemo‐ and regioselectivity. A Michael addition/SN2 mechanism was proposed to avoid the “anti‐Baldwin” cyclization. This stereoselective strategy provides a facile synthetic route for a new series of spirocyclopentane oxindole derivatives containing three stereogenic centers.
Nearly one-quarter of all children under age 2 in China are left behind in the country-side as parents migrate to urban areas for work. We use a four-wave longitudinal survey following young children ...from 6 to 30 months of age to provide first evidence on the effects of parental migration on development, health, and nutritional outcomes in the critical first stages of life. We find that maternal migration has a negative effect on cognitive development: migration before children reach 12 months of age reduces cognitive development by 0.3 standard deviations at age 2. Possible mechanisms include reduced dietary diversity and engagement in stimulating activities, both known to be causally associated with skill development in early life. We find no effects on other dimensions of physical and social-emotional health.
Choosing a valid and feasible method to measure child developmental outcomes is key to addressing developmental delays, which have been shown to be associated with high levels of unemployment, ...participation in crime, and teen pregnancies. However, measuring early childhood development (ECD) with multi-dimensional diagnostic tests such as the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (Bayley-III) can be time-consuming and expensive; therefore, parental screening tools such as the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3) are frequently an alternative measure of early childhood development in large-scale research. The ASQ is also becoming more frequently used as the first step to identify children at risk for developmental delays before conducting a diagnostic test to confirm. However, the effectiveness of the ASQ-3 is uncertain. In this study, we evaluate the accuracy of the ASQ-3 as a screening measure for children at risk of developmental delay in rural China by age group. To do so, we administered the Bayley-III, widely considered to be the "gold standard" of ECD diagnostic tests, to a sample of 1,831 five to twenty-four month-old children and also administered the ASQ-3 to their caregivers. We then compared the outcomes of the ASQ-3 test to those of the Bayley-III. We find that the ASQ-3 was significantly though weakly correlated with the Bayley-III and that the strength of this correlation increased with child age and was stronger when the mother was the primary caregiver (as compared to the grandmother). We also find that the sensitivity and specificity of ASQ-3 ranged widely. The overall findings suggest that the ASQ-3 may not be a very accurate screening tool for identifying developmentally delayed children, especially for children under 13 months of age or children whose primary caregiver is not the mother.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this study, we investigate the association between family environment and early childhood development among children aged 6-24 months in rural counties in China. To do this, we used ...cross-sectional data from a large scale survey, including 1809 child-caregiver dyads across 22 nationally designated poverty counties. We found that 53.95% of children were at the risk of cognitive development delay, 60.26%, 36.27%, 40.69% of children were at the risk of language, motor, and social-emotional development delay respectively. Moreover, the good quality of family environment was significantly associated with the child's development. Rural family environments are providing insufficient stimulation for children, especially a low variety of developmental enriching materials and lacking play activities. Our study confirms the need for programmatic interventions that provide reliable ways to learn how to play with their children and build a stimulating environment to improve early childhood development in the region.
Different biomass materials (walnut shell, coconut shell or cottonwood sawdust) were co-pyrolyzed with carbon-enriched oily sludge to produce aqueous phase sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) adsorption ...materials. The co-pyrolysis char was activated with K2CO3 to modify its micro-structure and functional groups. Results show that ACs prepared from the mixture contained more mesopores than biomass-based ACs, more porous and higher yield than oily sludge-based ACs. One-step activation method was more attractive than two-step activation in larger specific surface area (up to almost 4 times), wider pore size distribution (2–3 nm), stronger SMZ adsorption ability (higher than 2 times). The maximum BET surface area was 1342 m2/g for the ACs prepared from the mixture of walnut shell and oily sludge by one-step activation and it had the maximum SMZ adsorption capacity up to 361.9 mg/g, which is higher than previous reported values. The capacity of SMZ adsorption of ACs was mainly attributed to pore size distribution, specific surface area and functional groups. Among them, the appropriate content of CO and CO functional groups, larger specific area and more pores range from 2 to 3 nm lead to higher adsorption capacity.
Display omitted
•Co-carbonization of biomass materials and oily sludge improved micro-mesopore structure and widen the pore distribution•Co-carbonization of biomass materials and oily sludge improved sulfamethoxazole adsorption capacity•One-step activation produced larger surface area (4 times) and stronger sulfamethoxazole adsorption ability (2 times)•Larger surface area and more pores (2-3 nm) led to higher sulfamethoxazole adsorption capacity
Phenanthrene cannot be effectively degraded in the agricultural production systems and it is greatly hazardous for food safety and human health. In our study, the remediation ability and mechanism of ...rice and endophytic fungus Phomopsis liquidambaris interaction on phenanthrene in the rice-growing environment were explored using laboratory and pot experiments. The results showed that plant-endophyte interaction had the potential to enhance remediation on phenanthrene contamination in the rice-growing environment. The content of phenanthrene in soil and rice (including leaves, roots, and grains) of the plant-endophyte interaction system was about 42% and 27% lower than of the non-inoculated treatment under 100 mg kg−1 treatment. The mechanism may be related to the improvement of plant growth, root activity, chlorophyll content, ATP energy supply, and antagonistic ability of rice to promote the absorption of phenanthrene in the rice-growing environment, and then the phenanthrene absorbed into the rice was degraded by improving the phenanthrene degrading enzyme activities and gene relative expression levels of P. liquidambaris during plant-endophyte interaction. Moreover, the plant-endophyte interaction system could also promote rice growth and increase rice yield by over 20% more than the control under 50 mg kg−1 treatment. This study indicated a promising potential of the plant-endophyte interaction system for pollution remediation in agriculture.
Display omitted
•Rice-endophyte interaction had potential for phenanthrene pollution remediation in practice.•Rice-endophyte interaction could enhance bioremediation by improving rice properties.•Degrading genes were consistent with enzymatic activities in rice-endophyte system.•Rice-endophyte interaction could reduce the phenanthrene content in different parts of rice.
Summary
The simultaneous symbiosis of leguminous plants with two root mutualists, endophytic fungi and rhizobia is common in nature, yet how two mutualists interact and co‐exist before infecting ...plants and the concomitant effects on nodulation are less understood.
Using a combination of metabolic analysis, fungal deletion mutants and comparative transcriptomics, we demonstrated that Bradyrhizobium and a facultatively biotrophic fungus, Phomopsis liquidambaris, interacted to stimulate fungal flavonoid production, and thereby primed Bradyrhizobial nodulation signaling, enhancing Bradyrhizobial responses to root exudates and leading to early nodulation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea), and such effects were compromised when disturbing fungal flavonoid biosynthesis.
Stress sensitivity assays and reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination revealed that flavonoid production acted as a strategy to alleviate hyphal oxidative stress during P. liquidambaris–Bradyrhizobial interactions. By investigating the interactions between P. liquidambaris and a collection of 38 rhizobacteria, from distinct bacterial genera, we additionally showed that the flavonoid‐ROS module contributed to the maintenance of fungal and bacterial co‐existence, and fungal niche colonization under soil conditions.
Our results demonstrate for the first time that rhizobial nodulation signaling can be primed by fungi before symbiosis with host plants and highlight the importance of flavonoid in tripartite interactions between legumes, beneficial fungi and rhizobia.
The rice-crayfish co-cropping pattern is a traditional method for the intensive utilization of rice fields. In recent years, this pattern has been over-developed in many countries and regions, ...especially in China, because of its simple agronomic technology and high economic benefits. However, little is known about the potential ecological problems regarding soil microorganisms caused by the over-utilization of this pattern. The results show that rice-crayfish co-cropping, when over-utilized for a long time, reduced soil microbial richness and diversity compared with rice monocropping. A decrease in bacterial abundance in the nitrogen cycle and an increase in bacterial abundance in the carbon cycle led to a decrease in the nitrogen cycle function and an increase in the carbon cycle function. In an analysis of bacteria that are sensitive to cropping patterns, it was found that in the rice-crayfish co-cropping, the relative abundances of sensitive OTUs from Firmicutes (Bacillus and Clostridium) and Chloroflexi (Anaerolineaceae) were significantly higher during the entire growth period than those observed in the rice monocropping pattern, while the relative abundances of sensitive OTUs from Nitrospirae (Nitrospira), Gemmatimonadetes (Gemmatimonas), and Actinobacteria (Nocardioides) were significantly lower than those observed in the rice monocropping pattern. A network analysis shows that growth-period-sensitive OTUs drive the co-occurrence network modules, although the OTUs also have positive and negative correlations among modules but a positive synergistic effect on the regulation of soil nutrients. In addition, OTUs that were sensitive at the booting stage and filling stage were the key microbial groups in the rice-crayfish co-cropping and rice monocropping networks, respectively. Understanding the classifications and functions of sensitive microbes present during the rice growth period is the basis for formulating a microbial flora management strategy for the rice-crayfish co-cropping pattern, which is of great significance for adjusting agricultural management measures and controlling current soil microbial ecological problems.
Display omitted
•Rice cropping patterns are the main factors affecting the soil microbial ecological environment•The over-utilization of the rice-crayfish co-cropping pattern resulted in a decrease in soil microbial diversity•Construction of a microbial co-occurrence network was driven by growth period-specific sensitive species•This is an effective way to master the effects of the over-utilization of rice fields on soil microbial communities
To understand the role of microRNA-141 (miR-141) in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced PC12 cell injury via modulation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. PC12 cells were divided into Control, H/R, H/R ...+ miR-141 mimics, H/R + NC, H/R + miR-141 inhibitor, H/R + siKeap1 and H/R + miR-141 inhibitors+siKeap1 groups. The expression of miR-141 and Keap1/Nrf2 pathway was measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting, cell viability evaluated by MTT assay while cell apoptosis tested by flow cytometry. Besides, MDA (malondialdehyde), SOD (Super Oxide Dismutase) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) levels were determined. DCFH-DA and JC-1 staining were used to measure ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) respectively. Compared with Controls, PC12 cells induced by H/R exhibited decreased cell viability and increased cell apoptosis rate, with elevated MDA, LDH and ROS and reduced SOD levels; and meanwhile, MMP and miR-141 expression were declined, whereas cytoplasmic Nrf2 levels were enhanced with the downregulated nuclear Nrf2 level (all
P
< 0.05). However, these cells treated with miR-141 mimics and siKeap1 showed obvious improvement in H/R-induced cell injury, while miR-141 inhibitors presented significantly aggravated cell injury (both
P
< 0.05). Besides, siKeap1 can reverse the effect of miRNA-141 inhibitors on aggravating H/R-induced PC12 cell injury. miR-141-mediated Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway to promote cell viability, inhibit cell apoptosis and reduce oxidative stress of PC12 cells, thereby alleviating H/R-induced cell injury.
PDF
