Very long and noisy sequence data arise from biological sciences to social science including high throughput data in genomics and stock prices in econometrics. Often such data are collected in order ...to identify and understand shifts in trends, for example, from a bull market to a bear market in finance or from a normal number of chromosome copies to an excessive number of chromosome copies in genetics. Thus, identifying multiple change points in a long, possibly very long, sequence is an important problem. In this article, we review both classical and new multiple change-point detection strategies. Considering the long history and the extensive literature on the change-point detection, we provide an in-depth discussion on a normal mean change-point model from aspects of regression analysis, hypothesis testing, consistency and inference. In particular, we present a strategy to gather and aggregate local information for change-point detection that has become the cornerstone of several emerging methods because of its attractiveness in both computational and theoretical properties.
Surgery is a major physiologic stress comparable to intense exercise. Diminished cardiopulmonary reserve is a major predictor of poor outcomes. Current preoperative workup focuses mainly on ...identifying risk factors; however, little attention is devoted to improving cardiopulmonary reserve beyond counseling. We propose that patients could be optimized for a “surgical marathon” similar to the preparation of an athlete.
The Michigan Surgical and Health Optimization Program (MSHOP) is a formal prehabilitation program that engages patients in 4 activities before surgery: physical activity, pulmonary rehabilitation, nutritional optimization, and stress reduction. We prospectively collected demographic, intraoperative (first hour), and postoperative data for patients enrolled in MSHOP undergoing major abdominal surgery. Statistical analysis was performed using 2:1 propensity score matching to compare the MSHOP group (n = 40) to emergency (n = 40) and elective, non-MSHOP (n = 76) patients.
Overall, 70% of MSHOP patients complied with the program. Age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, and BMI did not differ significantly between groups. One hour intraoperatively, MSHOP patients showed improved systolic and diastolic blood pressures and lower heart rate (Figure). There was a significant reduction in Clavien-Dindo class 3 to 4 complications in the MSHOP group (30%) compared with the nonprehabilitation (38%) and emergency (48%) groups (p = 0.05). This translated to total hospital charges averaging $75,494 for the MSHOP group, $97,440 for the nonprehabilitation group, and $166,085 for the emergency group (p < 0.001).
Patients undergoing prehabilitation before colectomy showed positive physiologic effects and experienced fewer complications. The average savings of $21,946 per patient represents a significant cost offset for a prehabilitation program, and should be considered for all patients undergoing surgery.
Memory conformity may develop when people are confronted with distinct memories reported by others in social situations and knowingly/unknowingly adhere to these exogenous memories. Earlier research ...on memory conformity suggests that (1) subjects were more likely to conform to confederate with high confidence; (2) subjects with low confidence on their memory accuracy were more likely to conform, and; (3) this subjective confidence could be adjusted by social manipulations. Nonetheless, it remains unclear how the confidence levels of ours and others may interact and produce a combined effect on our degree of conformity. More importantly, is memory conformity, defined by a complete adoption of the opposite side, the result of a gradual accumulation of subtler changes at the confidence level, i.e., a buildup of confidence conformity? Here, we followed participant’s confidence transformation quantitatively over three confederate sessions in a memory test. After studying a set of human motion videos, participants had to answer simultaneously whether a target or lure video had appeared before by indicating their side (i.e., Yes/No) and their associated confidence rating. Participants were allowed to adjust their responses as they were being shown randomly-generated confederates’ answers and confidence values. Results show that participants indeed demonstrated confidence conformity. Interestingly, they tended to become committed to their side early on and gain confidence gradually over subsequent sessions. This polarizing behaviour may be explained by two kinds of preferences: (1) Participant’s confidence enhancement towards same-sided confederates was greater in magnitude compared to the decrement towards an opposite-sided confederate; and (2) Participants had the most effective confidence boost when the same-sided confederates shared similar, but not considerably different, confidence level to theirs. In other words, humans exhibit side- and similarity-biases during confidence conformity.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose
Erectile dysfunction and COVID-19 share similar risk factors, including vascular disruption of integrity, cytokine release, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity.
The aim of this study ...was to investigate the association between erectile dysfunction and COVID-19 patients.
Methods
Odds ratio for erectile dysfunction in patients with a history of COVID-19 with and without comorbidities were calculated using a patients’ registry platform i2b2. ICD-10 diagnoses codes were accessed for queries and data were analyzed using logistic regression.
Results
Patients with COVID-19 were 3.3 times more likely to have erectile dysfunction with 95% CI (2.8, 3.8). The association became stronger with odds ratio 4.8 (95% CI (4.1, 5.7)) after adjusting for age groups. The odds ratio remained the same after adjusting for smoking status with 3.5 (95% CI (3.0, 4.1)). After adjusting for race, COVID-19 patients were 2.6 (95% CI (2.2, 3.1)) times more likely to have erectile dysfunction. The odds ratio were 1.6, 1.8, 1.9 and 2.3 after adjusting for respiratory disease, obesity, circulatory disease and diabetes, respectively.
Conclusion
COVID-19 and erectile dysfunction are strongly associated even after adjustment for known risk factors and demographics.
Although the roles of the metabolic stress in organ ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) have been well recognized, the question of whether and how these stress responses regulate innate immune ...activation against IR remains unclear. In a murine liver partial warm ischemia mode, we showed that prolonged ischemia triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, particularly, the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) branch, in liver Kupffer cells (KCs) and altered their responsiveness against Toll‐like receptor (TLR) stimulation. Ischemia‐primed cells increased pro‐, but decreased anti‐, inflammatory cytokine productions. Alleviation of ER stress in vivo by small chemical chaperon 4‐phenylbutyrate or ATF6 small interfering RNA (siRNA) diminished the pro‐inflammatory priming effect of ischemia in KCs, leading to the inhibition of liver immune response against IR and protection of livers from IRI. In vitro, ATF6 siRNA abrogated the ER stress‐mediated pro‐inflammatory enhancement of macrophage TLR4 response, by restricting NF‐κB and restoring Akt activations. Thus, ischemia primes liver innate immune cells by ATF6‐mediated ER stress response. The IR‐induced metabolic stress and TLR activation function in synergy to activate tissue inflammatory immune response.
This study demonstrates that ischemia promotes pro‐inflammatory innate immune activation by activating ATF6 signaling pathways in murine liver ischemia and reperfusion injury.
High-strength steel fasteners characterized by tensile strengths above 1100 MPa are often used in critical applications where a failure can have catastrophic consequences. Preventing hydrogen ...embrittlement (HE) failure is a fundamental concern implicating the entire fastener supply chain. Research is typically conducted under idealized conditions that cannot be translated into know-how prescribed in fastener industry standards and practices. Additionally, inconsistencies and even contradictions in fastener industry standards have led to much confusion and many preventable or misdiagnosed fastener failures. HE susceptibility is a function of the material condition, which is comprehensively described by the metallurgical and mechanical properties. Material strength has a first-order effect on HE susceptibility, which increases significantly above 1200 MPa and is characterized by a ductile--brittle transition. For a given concentration of hydrogen and at equal strength, the critical strength above which the ductile-brittle transition begins can vary due to second-order effects of chemistry, tempering temperature and sub-microstructure. Additionally, non-homogeneity of the metallurgical structure resulting from poorly controlled heat treatment, impurities and non-metallic inclusions can increase HE susceptibility of steel in ways that are measurable but unpredictable. Below 1200 MPa, non-conforming quality is often the root cause of real-life failures.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘The challenges of hydrogen and metals’.
The molecular circadian clocks in the mammalian retina are locally synchronized by environmental light cycles independent of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the brain. Unexpectedly, this ...entrainment does not require rods, cones, or melanopsin (OPN4), possibly suggesting the involvement of another retinal photopigment. Here, we show that the ex vivo mouse retinal rhythm is most sensitive to short-wavelength light but that this photoentrainment requires neither the short-wavelength–sensitive cone pigment S-pigment or cone opsin (OPN1SW) nor encephalopsin (OPN3). However, retinas lacking neuropsin (OPN5) fail to photoentrain, even though other visual functions appear largely normal. Initial evidence suggests that OPN5 is expressed in select retinal ganglion cells. Remarkably, the mouse corneal circadian rhythm is also photoentrainable ex vivo, and this photoentrainment likewise requires OPN5. Our findings reveal a light-sensing function for mammalian OPN5, until now an orphan opsin.
Because each nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging modality is sensitive to specific molecules or structures, multimodal NLO imaging capitalizes the potential of NLO microscopy for studies of complex ...biological tissues. The coupling of multiphoton fluorescence, second‐harmonic generation, and coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has allowed investigation of a broad range of biological questions concerning lipid metabolism, cancer development, cardiovascular disease, and skin biology. Moreover, recent research shows the great potential of using a CARS microscope as a platform to develop more advanced NLO modalities such as electronic‐resonance‐enhanced four‐wave mixing, stimulated Raman scattering, and pump‐probe microscopy. This article reviews the various approaches developed for realization of multimodal NLO imaging as well as developments of new NLO modalities on a CARS microscope. Applications to various aspects of biological and biomedical research are discussed.
Because each nonlinear optical (NLO) imaging modality is sensitive to specific molecules or structures, multimodal NLO imaging capitalizes the potential of NLO microscopy for studies of complex biological tissues. The coupling of multiphoton fluorescence, second‐harmonic generation, and coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has allowed investigation of a broad range of biological questions concerning lipid metabolism, cancer development, cardiovascular disease, and skin biology.
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