From the cleric-led Iranian revolution to the rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan, many people have been surprised by what they see as the modern reemergence of an antimodern phenomenon. This book ...helps account for the increasingly visible public role of traditionally educated Muslim religious scholars (the `ulama) across contemporary Muslim societies. Muhammad Qasim Zaman describes the transformations the centuries-old culture and tradition of the `ulama have undergone in the modern era--transformations that underlie the new religious and political activism of these scholars. In doing so, it provides a new foundation for the comparative study of Islam, politics, and religious change in the contemporary world.
While focusing primarily on Pakistan, Zaman takes a broad approach that considers the Taliban and the `ulama of Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, and the southern Philippines. He shows how their religious and political discourses have evolved in often unexpected but mutually reinforcing ways to redefine and enlarge the roles the `ulama play in society. Their discourses are informed by a longstanding religious tradition, of which they see themselves as the custodians. But these discourses are equally shaped by--and contribute in significant ways to--contemporary debates in the Muslim public sphere.
This book offers the first sustained comparative perspective on the `ulama and their increasingly crucial religious and political activism. It shows how issues of religious authority are debated in contemporary Islam, how Islamic law and tradition are continuously negotiated in a rapidly changing world, and how the `ulama both react to and shape larger Islamic social trends. Introducing previously unexamined facets of religious and political thought in modern Islam, it clarifies the complex processes of religious change unfolding in the contemporary Muslim world and goes a long way toward explaining their vast social and political ramifications.
Low-cost technologies to diagnose and monitor human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in developing countries are a major subject of current research and health care in the developing world. ...With the great need to increase access to affordable HIV monitoring services in rural areas of developing countries, much work has been focus on the development of point-of-care technologies that are affordable, robust, easy to use, portable and of sufficient quantitative accuracy to enable clinical decision-making. For diagnosis of HIV infection, some low-cost tests, such as lateral flow tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, are already in place and well established. However, portable quantitative tests for rapid HIV monitoring at the point of care have only recently been introduced to the market. In this review, we discuss low-cost tests for HIV diagnosis and monitoring in low-resource settings, including promising technologies for use at the point of care, that are available or close to market.
Schooling Islam Hefner, Robert W; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim
2007, 20101216, 2010, 2007-01-01, 20070101, Letnik:
19
eBook, Book
Since the Taliban seized Kabul in 1996, the public has grappled with the relationship between Islamic education and radical Islam. Media reports tend to paint madrasas--religious schools dedicated to ...Islamic learning--as medieval institutions opposed to all that is Western and as breeding grounds for terrorists. Others have claimed that without reforms, Islam and the West are doomed to a clash of civilizations.
Robert Hefner and Muhammad Qasim Zaman bring together eleven internationally renowned scholars to examine the varieties of modern Muslim education and their implications for national and global politics. The contributors provide new insights into Muslim culture and politics in countries as different as Morocco, Egypt, Pakistan, India, Indonesia, Iran, and Saudi Arabia. They demonstrate that Islamic education is neither timelessly traditional nor medieval, but rather complex, evolving, and diverse in its institutions and practices. They reveal that a struggle for hearts and minds in Muslim lands started long before the Western media discovered madrasas, and that Islamic schools remain on its front line.
Schooling Islamis the most comprehensive work available in any language on madrasas and Islamic education.
In cell proliferation, stem cell differentiation, chemoresistance, and tissue organization, the ubiquitous role of YAP/TAZ continues to impact our fundamental understanding in numerous physiological ...and disease systems. YAP/TAZ is an important signaling nexus integrating diverse mechanical and biochemical signals, such as ECM stiffness, adhesion ligand density, or cell-cell contacts, and thus strongly influences cell fate. Recent studies show that YAP/TAZ mechanical sensing is dependent on RhoA-regulated stress fibers. However, current understanding of YAP/TAZ remains limited due to the unknown interaction between the canonical Hippo pathway and cell tension. Furthermore, the multiscale relationship connecting adhesion signaling to YAP/TAZ activity through cytoskeleton dynamics remains poorly understood. To identify the roles of key signaling molecules in mechanical signal sensing and transduction, we present a, to our knowledge, novel computational model of the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway. This model converts extracellular-matrix mechanical properties to biochemical signals via adhesion, and integrates intracellular signaling cascades associated with cytoskeleton dynamics. We perform perturbations of molecular levels and sensitivity analyses to predict how various signaling molecules affect YAP/TAZ activity. Adhesion molecules, such as FAK, are predicted to rescue YAP/TAZ activity in soft environments via the RhoA pathway. We also found that changes of molecule concentrations result in different patterns of YAP/TAZ stiffness response. We also investigate the sensitivity of YAP/TAZ activity to ECM stiffness, and compare with that of SRF/MAL, which is another important regulator of differentiation. In addition, the model shows that the unresolved synergistic effect of YAP/TAZ activity between the mechanosensing and the Hippo pathways can be explained by the interaction of LIM-kinase and LATS. Overall, our model provides a, to our knowledge, novel platform for studying YAP/TAZ activity in the context of integrating different signaling pathways. This platform can be used to gain, to our knowledge, new fundamental insights into roles of key molecular and mechanical regulators on development, tissue engineering, or tumor progression.
To better combat bacterial antibiotic resistance, a growing global health threat, it is imperative to understand its drivers and underlying biological mechanisms. One potential driver of antibiotic ...resistance is exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. This occurs in both the environment and clinic, from agricultural contamination to incorrect dosing and usage of poor-quality medicines. To better understand this driver, we tested the effect of a broad range of ciprofloxacin concentrations on antibiotic resistance development in Escherichia coli. We observed the emergence of stable, low-level multi-drug resistance that was both time and concentration dependent. Furthermore, we identified a spectrum of single mutations in strains with resistant phenotypes, both previously described and novel. Low-level class-wide resistance, which often goes undetected in the clinic, may allow for bacterial survival and establishment of a reservoir for outbreaks of high-level antibiotic resistant infections.
•Rifampicin Quinone undergoes temperature dependent chemical conversion to Rifampicin.•Chemical conversion occurs in physiologically relevant temperatures and timescales.•Conversion is observable ...through absorbance spectroscopy, HPLC and LC–MS.•Conversion of Rifampicin Quinone to Rifampicin results in increased antimicrobial activity.
Rifampicin is an antibiotic used as a first line treatment for tuberculosis, as well as in the treatment of other infectious diseases. Drug quality is essential for drug efficacy. Determining the stability and activity of Rifampicin Quinone in solution is important in its role as a standard against which to determine Rifampicin quality and in its effect on treatment and AMR development. Poor quality medicines, such as antimicrobials not only increase mortality and morbidity, but can also contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). One common marker of poor quality in Rifampicin samples is the presence of the degradation product Rifampicin Quinone. In this study we have found that Rifampicin Quinone in solution undergoes a chemical conversion to Rifampicin that is temperature dependent. This conversion occurs in physiologically relevant temperatures (30−50 °C) and time scales (24−120 h) and was verified using HPLC and LC–MS methods. Additionally, the conversion of Rifampicin Quinone to Rifampicin results in an increase in antimicrobial activity. We believe that ours is the first study reporting the instability of Rifampicin Quinone, and this instability in solution at these temperatures and time scales raises concerns for its use as a standard in quality testing using liquid chromatography methods and in studies of the effect of Rifampicin Quinone on AMR. Due to the use of Rifampicin Quinone as a standard in determining Rifampicin quality, the instability of Rifampicin Quinone also poses public health concerns, as the incorrect determination of medicine quality risks patient health and may promote the development of AMR.
In the past decade, novel materials, probes and tools have enabled fundamental and applied cancer researchers to take a fresh look at the complex problem of tumour invasion and metastasis. These new ...tools, which include imaging modalities, controlled but complex in vitro culture conditions, and the ability to model and predict complex processes in vivo, represent an integration of traditional with novel engineering approaches; and their potential effect on quantitatively understanding tumour progression and invasion looks promising.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In the present study, Sr2CuxNi2-xCrxFe28-xO46 where (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) X-type ferrites were fabricated by micro-emulsion procedure. X-ray diffraction technique assured the phase of ...fabricated ferrites to be that of pure X-type ferrites. The reduction in lattice constants (a & c) seemed with the incorporation of Cr3+-Cu2+ metals. The crystalline size of the synthesized materials was obtained in 19–23 nm range, using the Scherer's formula. The iron-oxygen bands of X-type hexagonal ferrites at tetrahedral and octahedral sites were confirmed from FTIR spectra. The FTIR spectra also showed the strong influence of Cr3+-Cu2+ substitution, which confirmed that the dopants have a meaningful role in these ferrites. The dielectric parameters were explored in a large frequency range (i.e. from 1 MHz to 3 GHz) and these parameters showed significant variations with Cr3+-Cu2+ doping contents. Moderate values of dielectric constant, low tangent loss, high Q values, and significant response to the high frequency of these X-type ferrites ensured their applicability for the high (GHz) frequency applications. Vibrating sample magnetometry technique (VSM) was applied to unfold the magnetic parameters. The Coercivity (Hc), saturation magnetization (Ms) as well as remanence magnetization (Mr) revealed considerable variations with doping Cr3+-Cu2+cations. The enhancement in magnetic parameter i.e. coercivity Hc with the doping of Cr3+-Cu2+ reflects the uses of these materials in longitudinal recording media.
•Sr2CuxNi2-xCrxFe28-xO46 X-type ferrites were prepared micro-emulsion route.•The crystallite size is found in the range 19–23 nm.•FTIR spectra unveiled strong influence of Cr3+-Cu2+ substitution.•Coercivity of these materials reflects their use in longitudinal recording media.
Ching and Zaman discuss why scientists and scholars need to step up in managing refugee crisis. The ongoing armed conflict in Ukraine and the humanitarian crisis in Afghanistan, along with protracted ...crises in several other parts of the world, have once again highlighted the need not just for global solidarity along with financial and material aid, but also the necessity of new and robust research to address emerging global health challenges. Communities displaced by conflict and persecution, whether across international borders or within a country, present a great multifaceted challenge and a moral imperative of our time. The challenge of improving the health of displaced populations does not have clear and easy solutions, but we can identify many important and pressing research questions that can help inform the development of long-term solutions and interventions
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