ABSTRACT
Background and objective
In obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), intermittent hypoxia (IH) compromises immune surveillance through the upregulation of the programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) receptor ...and its ligand (PD‐L1). Because the risk of OSA‐related cancer depends on age, we assessed PD‐L1/PD‐1 expression in middle‐aged and older patients with OSA as well as in a murine model.
Methods
PD‐L1 expression was studied in 41 patients with severe OSA and 40 healthy volunteers (HV), divided into two groups (≤55 and >55 years of age). We used flow cytometry, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and ELISA to determine PD‐L1 expression on monocytes and plasma PD‐L1 protein levels. Moreover, we analysed PD‐L1 expression on an in vivo IH model with old and young mice.
Results
In subjects up to 55 years of age, severe OSA increased PD‐L1 surface protein and mRNA level expression on monocytes and soluble‐PD‐L1 protein concentration in plasma compared to HV. PD‐L1 and hypoxia‐induced factor (HIF)‐1α expression correlated with age in HV, whereas in patients with OSA there was a negative relationship. In the mice exposed to IH, PD‐L1 expression on F4/80+ splenocytes was also only increased in young animals. HIF‐1α expression was significantly higher in patients with OSA than in HV in subjects up to 55 years of age, while PD‐L1 expression in monocytes was related to HIF‐1α expression in young patients with OSA.
Conclusion
PD‐L1 upregulation in patients with OSA as a consequence of HIF‐1α activation occurs mainly in young patients. In older patients with OSA, upregulation was not detected, possibly due to impaired oxygen sensitivity.
Hypoxia‐induced upregulation of the programmed cell death‐1 receptor and its ligand (PD‐L1) may explain associations between sleep apnoea and cancer. This link may be age‐dependent but, contrary to expectations, this study shows that PD‐L1 upregulation in sleep apnoea occurs mainly in younger patients.
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ABSTRACT The Panama Bight ecoregion (PBE) in the eastern Pacific contains probably the best developed mangrove forests in the American continent. Fishes inhabiting the mangrove-estuary mosaic play ...fundamental ecological roles and sustain the artisanal fishery operating there. Here, using data collected along ~300 km between 2012 and 2017, we examine the spatial dynamics of mangrove fish assemblages that undertake intertidal migrations in the southern part of the PBE (southern Colombian Pacific coast), where the largest and least disturbed mangroves of Colombia are located. Sixty-one fish species used intertidal mangrove habitats in these areas, constituting ~30% of all fishes inhabiting the whole mosaic of mangrove habitats in this ecoregion. Species within Clupeidae, Ariidae, Centropomidae and Tetraodontidae, all common in mangroves of the eastern Pacific, were the most dominant. Half of the fish species found are commercially important to the artisanal fishery. Differences in fish community structure could be related to salinity differences, but other environmental and ecological factors could also play a role in explaining these differences. A better understanding of the ecological role of mangrove fishes in the region could be gained by examining the ichthyofauna of other habitats within the mosaic and their trophic relationships.
RESUMEN La ecorregión del Panama Bight (EPB) en el océano Pacifico oriental contiene probablemente los bosques de manglar más desarrollados de America. Los peces que habitan el mosaico estuario-manglar juegan papeles ecológicos fundamentales y sostienen las pesquerías artesanales que operan allí. Usando datos colectados a lo largo de ~300 km entre 2012 y 2017, examinamos la dinámica espacial de ensamblajes de peces de manglar que realizan migraciones intermareales en el EPB sur (costa sur del Pacífico colombiano), donde se encuentran los manglares más grandes y menos intervenidos de Colombia. Sesenta y un especies de peces ingresaron en zonas intermareales de manglar, constituyendo ~30% de todos los peces que pueden ser encontrados en el mosaico de hábitats de manglar de esta ecoregión. Especies de Clupeidae, Ariidae, Centropomidae y Tetraodontidae, todas comunes en manglares del Pacífico oriental, fueron las más dominantes. La mitad de los peces encontrados son importantes comercialmente para la pesquería artesanal. Las diferencias en la estructura de la comunidad pueden estar relacionadas con diferencias en salinidad, pero otros factores ambientales y ecológicos podrían también jugar un rol explicando las diferencias encontradas. Un mejor entendimiento del rol ecológico de los peces de manglar de la región podría alcanzarse examinando la ictiofauna de otros hábitats de este mosaico y sus relaciones tróficas.
In this Letter, we present sensitive millimeter SiO (J = 5-4; v = 0) line observations of the outflow arising from the enigmatic object Orion Source I made with the Atacama Large ...Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA). The observations reveal that at scales of a few thousand AU, the outflow has a marked "butterfly" morphology along a northeast-southwest axis. However, contrary to what is found in the SiO and H sub(2)O maser observations at scales of tens of AU, the blueshifted radial velocities of the moving gas are found to the northwest, while the redshifted velocities are in the southeast. The ALMA observations are complemented with SiO (J = 8-7; v = 0) maps (with a similar spatial resolution) obtained with the Submillimeter Array. These observations also show a similar morphology and velocity structure in this outflow. We discuss some possibilities to explain these differences at small and large scales across the flow.
ABSTRACT LRLL 54361 is an infrared source located in the star-forming region IC 348 SW. Remarkably, its infrared luminosity increases by a factor of 10 over roughly one week every 25.34 days. To ...understand the origin of these remarkable periodic variations, we obtained sensitive 3.3 cm JVLA radio continuum observations of LRLL 54361 and its surroundings in six different epochs: three of them during the IR-on state and three during the IR-off state. The radio source associated with LRLL 54361 remained steady and did not show a correlation with the IR variations. We suggest that the IR is tracing the results of fast (with a timescale of days) pulsed accretion from an unseen binary companion, while the radio traces an ionized outflow with an extent of ∼100 AU that smooths out the variability over a period of the order of a year. The average flux density measured in these 2014 observations, 27 5 Jy, is about a factor of two less than that measured about 1.5 years before, 53 11 Jy, suggesting that variability in the radio is present, but over larger timescales than in the IR. We discuss other sources in the field, in particular two infrared/X-ray stars that show rapidly varying gyrosynchrotron emission.
ABSTRACT There is increasing evidence that episodic accretion is a common phenomenon in Young Stellar Objects (YSOs). Recently, the source HOPS 383 in Orion was reported to have a mid-infrared-and ...bolometric-luminosity increase between 2004 and 2008, constituting the first clear example of a class 0 YSO (a protostar) with a large accretion burst. The usual assumption that in YSOs accretion and ejection follow each other in time needs to be tested. Radio jets at centimeter wavelengths are often the only way of tracing the jets from embedded protostars. We searched the Very Large Array archive for the available observations of the radio counterpart of HOPS 383. The data show that the radio flux of HOPS 383 varies only mildly from 1998 January to 2014 December, staying at the level of ∼200-300 Jy in the X band (∼9 GHz), with a typical uncertainty of 10-20 Jy in each measurement. We interpret the absence of a radio burst as suggesting that accretion and ejection enhancements do not follow each other in time, at least not within timescales shorter than a few years. Time monitoring of more objects and specific predictions from simulations are needed to clarify the details of the connection betwen accretion and jets/winds in YSOs.
ABSTRACT We present high angular resolution (∼0 94) 12CO(1-0) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations obtained during the 2014 long baseline campaign from the eruptive ...bipolar flow from the multiple XZ Tau stellar system discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). These observations reveal, for the first time, the kinematics of the molecular flow. The kinematics of the different ejections close to XZ Tau reveal a rotating and expanding structure with a southeast-northwest velocity gradient. The youngest eruptive bubbles unveiled in the optical HST images are inside of this molecular expanding structure. Additionally, we report a very compact and collimated bipolar outflow emanating from XZ Tau A, which indicates that the eruptive outflow is indeed originating from this object. The mass (3 × 10−7 M ) and energetics (Ekin = 3 × 1037 erg) for the collimated outflow are comparable to those found in molecular outflows associated with young brown dwarfs.
The purpose of this study was to analyse the reliability and validity of a semi-quantitative FFQ to assess food group consumption in South American children and adolescents.
The SAYCARE (South ...American Youth/Child cARdiovascular and Environmental) study is an observational, multicentre, feasibility study performed in a sample of 3- to 18-year-old children and adolescents attending private and public schools from six South American countries. Participants answered the FFQ twice with a two-week interval and three 24-h dietary recalls. Intraclass and Spearman's correlations, weighted Cohen's kappa (κw), percentage of agreement and energy-adjusted Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated.
Seven cities in South America (Buenos Aires, Lima, Medelin, Montevideo, Santiago, Sao Paulo and Teresina).
A sample of 200 children and 244 adolescents for reliability analyses and 252 children and 244 adolescents for validity analyses were included.
Depending on the food group, for children and adolescents, reliability analyses resulted in Spearman's coefficients from 0·47 to 0·73, intraclass correlation coefficients from 0·66 to 0·99, κw coefficients from 0·35 to 0·63, and percentage of agreement between 72·75 and 83·52 %. In the same way, validity analyses resulted in Spearman's coefficients from 0·17 to 0·37, energy-adjusted Pearson's coefficients from 0·17 to 0·61, κw coefficients from 0·09 to 0·24, and percentages of agreement between 45·79 and 67·06 %.
The SAYCARE FFQ achieved reasonable reliability and slight-moderate validity for almost all food groups intakes. Accordingly, it can be used for the purpose of ranking the intake of individuals within a population.
We present sensitive Very Large Array observations with an angular resolution of a few arcseconds of the J = 1-0 line of SiO in the v = 1 and 2 vibrationally excited states toward a sample of 60 ...Galactic regions in which stars of high or intermediate mass are currently forming and/or have recently formed. We report the detection of SiO maser emission in both vibrationally excited transitions toward only three very luminous regions: Orion-KL, W51N, and Sgr B2(M). Toward all three, SiO maser emission had previously been reported, in Orion-KL in both lines, in W51N only in the v = 2 line and in Sgr B2(M) only in the v = 1 line. Our work confirms that SiO maser emission in star-forming regions is a rare phenomenon, indeed, that requires special, probably extreme, physical and chemical conditions not commonly found. In addition to this SiO maser survey, we also present images of the simultaneously observed 7 mm continuum emission from a subset of our sample of star-forming regions where such emission was detected. This is, in most cases, likely to be free-free emission from compact and ultracompact H II regions.
The analysis of tumour-infiltrating immune cells within patients' tumour samples in colorectal cancer (CRC) has become an independent predictor of patient survival. The tumour microenvironment and ...the immune checkpoints, such as PD-L1/PD-1, are relevant to the prognoses and also appear to be relevant for further CRC therapies.
We analysed the presence and features of the infiltrated monocyte/macrophage and lymphocyte populations in both tumour and peritumour samples from patients with CRC (n = 15).
We detected a large number of CD14
monocytes/macrophages with an alternative phenotype (CD64
CD163
) and CD4
lymphocytes that infiltrated the tumour, but not the peritumour area. The monocytes/macrophages expressed PD-L1, whereas the lymphocytes were PD-1
; however, we did not find high PD-L1 levels in the tumour cells. Coculture of circulating naïve human monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes with tumour cells from patients with proficient mismatch repair CRC induced both an alternative phenotype with higher expression of PD-L1 in CD14
cells and the T-cell exhaustion phenomenon. The addition of an α-PD-1 antibody restored lymphocyte proliferation.
These results emphasise the interesting nature of immune checkpoint shifting therapies, which have potential clinical applications in the context of colorectal cancer.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In this study, native ureolytic bacteria were isolated from copper tailings soils to perform microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) tests and evaluate their potential for biocement ...formation and their contribution to reduce the dispersion of particulate matter into the environment from tailings containing potentially toxic elements. It was possible to isolate a total of 46 bacteria; among them only three showed ureolytic activity: Priestia megaterium T130-1, Paenibacillus sp. T130-13 and Staphylococcus sp. T130-14. Biocement cores were made by mixing tailings with the isolated bacteria in presence of urea, resulting similar to those obtained with Sporosarcina pasteurii and Bacillus subtilis used as positive control. Indeed, XRD analysis conducted on biocement showed the presence of microcline ( B. subtilis 17%; P. megaterium 11. 9%), clinochlore ( S. pasteurii , 6.9%) and magnesiumhornblende ( Paenibacillus sp. 17.8%; P. megaterium 14.6%); all these compounds were not initially present in the tailings soils. Moreover the presence of calcite (control 0.828%; Paenibacillus sp. 5.4%) and hematite (control 0.989%; B. subtilis 6.4%) was also significant unlike the untreated control. The development of biofilms containing abundant amount of Ca, C, and O on microscopic soil particles was evidenced by means of FE-SEM-EDX and XRD. Wind tunnel tests were carried out to investigate the resistance of biocement samples, accounted for a mass loss five holds lower than the control, i.e., the rate of wind erosion in the control corresponded to 82 g/m 2 h while for the biocement treated with Paenibacillus sp. it corresponded to only 16.371 g/m 2 h. Finally, in compression tests, the biocement samples prepared with P. megaterium (28.578 psi) and Paenibacillus sp. (28.404 psi) showed values similar to those obtained with S. pasteurii (27.102 psi), but significantly higher if compared to the control (15.427 psi), thus improving the compression resistance capacity of the samples by 85.2% and 84.1% with respect to the control. According to the results obtained, the biocement samples generated with the native strains showed improvements in the mechanical properties of the soil supporting them as potential candidates in applications for the stabilization of mining liabilities in open environments using bioaugmentation strategies with native strains isolated from the same mine tailing.
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