This review presents the Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concept, an extension of Quality by Design (QbD), which was introduced in 2004 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and approved ...in 2005 by the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH). AQbD is a systematic approach to method development, controlling all stages of the analytical procedure life cycle. It includes a definition of the analytical target profile (ATP), identification of critical method parameters or factors, and selection of critical method attributes (CMAs) or responses. Screening and response-surface experimental designs allow the recognition of significant factors and their optimization by statistical analysis. The factor–response relationship is described by a mathematical model, which is able to predict the optimal response. Multivariate combinations of factors fulfilling the CMA requirements are presented in the design space or method operable design region (MODR), where robust method performance is ensured. This review presents the theoretical background of AQbD for method development and its workflow through recently published cases in which the AQbD concept proved to be a reliable and effective approach. Analytical methods developed by using the AQbD approach are highly robust, are easily validated, have shorter run times, and are capable of determining a higher number of analytes in one run compared with the methods developed by the one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach.
Currently in Ukraine, and previously in conflicts such as the Bosnian War (1992–96), local film collectives have expanded the mediation of wars to include the perspectives of those close to their ...subjects, foregrounding the participation of filmmakers in the wartime urban setting. In the 1990s, during the four‐year‐long siege of Bosnia’s capital, the collective Sarajevo Group of Artists (SAGA) produced sixty films of varying lengths, many of which included footage of destroyed buildings. Since 2014, several Ukrainian video projects and collectives, including Babylon’13, Freefilmers, War Against War, and Thickets (Khashchi), have made films documenting various aspects of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Although there is no evidence of direct influence, structural and contextual similarities make SAGA an important earlier model for Ukrainian collectives of local filmmakers determined to define the consequences and experiences of war from the perspective of those with personal stakes in the conflict. This essay comparatively examines the creative wartime documentaries of Bosnian and Ukrainian film collectives specifically to consider how filmmakers with close personal connections to conflicts produce documentary representations of wartime destruction
•Electrospinning is a scaffold fabrication method.•Integrating other materials such as metals nanoparticles with polymers is emerging as a route to new composites materials.•Electrospun ...polymer-nanoparticles composites are a new frontier in biomedicine.•We summarise advances in electrospun tissue engineering and wound dressing platforms.•Polymer-titanium dioxide nanocomposites is discussed here.
Electrospinning is widely used to fabricate nanoscale fibers from natural and synthetic polymers. Electrospun fibers have potential application in tissue engineering as well as in the design of catalysts, batteries, electronic sensors, packages, filtration membranes, medical implants, wound dressings, and medical fabrics, and drug delivery systems. Fibers offer a porous structure with a high surface area to volume ratio, which is a highly desired property in various applications. Integrating other materials such as metals nanoparticles or ceramics in electrospun fibers is emerging as a route to new nanoscale composites materials with enhanced functional properties. Incorporating nanoparticles on or within the nanofibrous scaffold impart functional properties with implication for catalysis, optoelectronics, and biomedicine. Indeed, these electrospun polymer-nanoparticles composites are a new frontier in biomedicine, where their relevance to tissue engineering, wound dressing, drug delivery is emerging. Here, we summarise advances in electrospun tissue engineering and wound dressing platforms developed from polymer-titanium dioxide nanocomposites.
Abstract only Leonard Euler (1707–1783) introduced the graph theory, a special part of geometry, as a tool to “… deal with relation dependent on position alone, and investigates properties of the ...position; it does not take magnitude into consideration, nor it does involve calculation …”. Graph theory is useful concept for nonlinear complex systems. As non‐numerical and non‐metric mathematical reasoning, it describes a complex system as a net of multiple events, seen as a whole. Similarly, graphic representation of physiological networks has an advantage in comparison with traditional narrative descriptions. We invented matrix guided analysis and re‐synthesis method to outline and visualize etiopathogenetic pathways and their natural interconnectivity. It is four steps method (consisting of a patient problem exposition, repetition of relevant knowledge, a design of algorithm and systematization) that enforces the horizontal, vertical and longitudinal integration of knowledge. The algorithmic pathways and networking of processes are crystallized out of plethora of clinical data (signs, symptoms, dysfunctions, outcomes, etc) and knowledge of sub‐systems (nano‐molecular, thermal, macromolecular, cellular phenomena, etc.), which are largely acquired via reductionistic methodologies. Algorithmic pathophysiology elaboration has revealed a natural tendency to form common crossing points of reactivity of heterogeneous pathways. The pathways spontaneously converge and form etiopathogenetic clusters (EPCs) . EPCs integrate multiple inputs and multiple exits. They look like natural integrators, the common “hubs” of human body response in various diseases. 91 EPCs have been identified at multiple levels of hierarchy of human body disease reactivity. EPCs are shared in natural development of heterogeneous conditions and they show tendency to form a network. Among the EPCs connecting pathways serve as “the EPC‐driving force”. Thus, the EPCs may be seen as “a new emerging feature” of pathophysiology foundation of disease. Following Euler’s strategy directed links in‐between elements of algorithm indicate a “physiological flux”, mutual oriented influence, and/or cause‐consequence. Physiological relations among acting elements have directionality of action, feedback and feed‐forward regulatory loops. Graphic maps outline the parallel pathways and easily put together relevant events of nano‐scale analyses with the clinical macro‐scale level. The (EPCs) are crossing and integrating points of complexity networks. The network visualization of physiology of disease and health underlying processes places individual mechanisms within the complex interconnectivity and may contribute to explanation of nonlinearity phenomena.
The main aim of this paper is to propose new subsethood measures for continuous, general type-2 fuzzy sets. For this purpose, we introduce inclusions and subsethood measures for interval-valued fuzzy ...sets first. Then, using an α-plane representation for type-2 fuzzy sets, we extend these inclusions and subsethood measures to general type-2 fuzzy sets. Subsethood measures for interval-valued fuzzy sets (hence, also for type-2 fuzzy sets) rely on already known subsethood measures for ordinary fuzzy sets. We focus on a special subsethood measure for ordinary fuzzy sets, based on α-cut representation, and show, how to compute subsethood measures for continuous type-2 fuzzy sets with no need for discretizing of universe. This is a very interesting and useful property of proposed subsethood measures, which is one of the reason, why our approach has less computational demand than the others.
The main aim of this paper is to propose an FTV aggregation operator, which is a tool for aggregation of fuzzy truth values (fuzzy sets in 0,1), and to provide a theoretical basis for the concept of ...FTV aggregation operator. We extend (ordinary) aggregation operator via convolution and show that the extension satisfies stated axioms, i.e. this approach leads to constructing of FTV aggregation operator. Furthermore, we show that our definition of FTV aggregation operator is an extension of usual definition of aggregation operator as well as of definition of aggregation operators for intervals and for n-dimensional intervals.
In this paper, we present an algorithm for decentralized control of multiple automated guided vehicles performing transportation tasks within industrial and warehousing environments. By running on ...each vehicle in the system, the algorithm provides vehicles with capabilities for autonomous path planning and motion co-ordination. The path planning part of the algorithm implements a free-ranging motion scheme by determining the shortest feasible paths considering nonholonomic vehicle constraints. The motion co-ordination part of the algorithm ensures safe vehicle motions by reliable detection and resolution of different conflict situations with other vehicles in the shared workspace. Conflict resolution is based on a vehicle priority scheme and results in temporary stopping or removal of the lower priority vehicles taking part in the conflict. Removal action is always performed within the vehicle's private zone, i.e., the pre-allocated local region of the workspace surrounding the vehicle. By encoding information on the vehicle size and its kinematic constraints, the introduced private zone mechanism provides the necessary physical space required for successful execution of every removal action. We also analyze the stability of the presented algorithm and discuss its deadlock-free and livelock-free properties. Algorithm performance has been validated by simulation using ten vehicles and experimentally on two different setups-a laboratory setup comprising five Pioneer 3DX vehicles and by two state-of-the-art autonomous forklifts in industrial-like operating conditions.
The objective of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding antibiotics of the general population.
The study sample consisted of adult subjects who consulted ...general practitioners at health centers in Serbia and agreed to complete the questionnaire. A total of 668 questionnaires were distributed; 500 respondents completed the entire questionnaire (response rate 74.85%).
The average age was 51.65 ± 16.56 years, 60.80% of the respondents were women. The median antibiotic knowledge score was 9. Predictors of adequate antibiotic knowledge were higher education level and a family member whose ocuppation was related to health-care. Overall, 58.4% of respondents believed that antibiotics could be used to treat common cold. Around a half of the respondents (47.2%) self-medicated with antibiotics at least once during their life-time, and around a quarter (24.2%) during the last treatment of infection. Patients with inadequate knowledge had 3 times higher chances of self-medicating with antibiotics compared to those with adequate knowledge. Although 98.20% of respondents claimed that antibiotic treatment should be started after a visit to a doctor and receiving a prescription, only 65.8% obtained antibiotics with prescription from a doctor during the last infection.
Although these results demonstrate that respondents had a relatively adequate level of knowledge regarding antibiotics use, some areas of misconceptions and improper behavior were identified. Therefore, further rationalization should be focused on educational campaigns targeting the behavior of patients with regard to antibiotic use.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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