Cilj ovog rada bio je analizirati provedenu zaštitu u suzbijanju pjegavosti lista šećerne repe (Cercospora beticola Sacc.) te prikazati ostvaren prinos i kvalitetu šećerne repe u petogodišnjem ...razdoblju (2016. – 2020.). U analiziranom razdoblju prvo tretiranje fungicidom provodilo se zbog prevencije već u prvoj ili drugoj dekadi lipnja. Ovisno o vegetacijskoj sezoni, zaštita je provedena u 4 (2016. – 2018.) ili 5 navrata (2019. i 2020.). Razmak između tretiranja je bio između 14 i 20 dana. Zadnje tretiranje provelo se krajem prve dekade kolovoza. U svakom tretiranju fungicidima korištena je kombinacija organskih sistemičnih fungicida i sredstava na bazi bakra (bakreni oksiklorid) što se pokazalo uspješnim u očuvanju lisne rozete. Prinos korijena šećerne repe iznosio je prosječno 74,4 t/ha, a sadržaj šećera u korijenu 15,86%. Najveći prinos korijena bio je 2016. godine (80,8 t/ha), kada je zaštita od gljivice Cercospora beticola bila provedena u 4 navrata. Najmanji prinos i sadržaj šećera ostvaren je 2019. godine, (65,2 t/ha i 12,24%), jer je nakon tuče u srpnju šećerna repa retrovegetirala.
The aim of this study was to assess the applied fungicides in the control of Cercospora leaf spot, CLS (Cercospora beticola Sacc.), and to analyse sugar beet yields and quality in the five-year period (2016- 2020). In the analysed period, the first preventive fungicide application was carried out in the first or second decade of June. Regardless of the growing season, treatments were carried out on 4 (2016 - 2018) or 5 treatments (2019 and 2020). The interval between treatments was from 14 to 20 days. The last treatment was carried out at the end of the first decade in August. A combination of organic systemic fungicides and copper-based agents (copper oxychloride) was used in each treatment, which has been shown to be successful in preserving sugar beet leaves free of CLS. The average yield of sugar beet root was 74.4 t/ ha, while sugar content in the root 15.86%. The highest root yield was achieved in 2016 (80.8 t/ha), when protection against CLS was carried out on 4 applications. The lowest yield and sugar content were achieved in 2019 (65.2 t/ha and 12.24%), because after the hail in July, re-growth of sugar beet leaves occured.
The incorporation of trees on traditional agricultural land has the potential for providing beneficial conditions for understory crops by altering the microclimate. Under these assumptions, we ...conducted a study on maize productivity intercropped in a 14-year-old walnut orchard by measuring growth and yield parameters, and water and nutrient uptake. Overall, we found that walnut trees decreased maximum air temperature and increased air humidity, especially during hot summer months characterized by precipitation deficit. A 30% reduction in maize yield per total area was a result of significantly reduced plant density, which could be a walnut-specific effect due to juglone excretion. Productivity per plant increased as shown by a significantly higher harvest index and 1000 kernel weight. No meaningful differences were found in terms of maize grain nutrient productivity, nutrient recovery, or nutrient use efficiency. On the systems level, we observed an advantage of the walnut-maize system compared to its respective monoculture systems—land and water equivalent ratios showed that for gaining the same yields as in intercropped system, walnut and maize grown separately would need 32% more land and 31% more water. Our study implies there are some beneficial outcomes to growing maize with trees, although further research should focus on investigating walnut as an option, due to its possible allelopathic effects.
Soil texture is a vital criterion in most cropland suitability analyses, so an accurate method for the delineation of soil texture suitability zones is necessary. In this study, an automated method ...was developed and evaluated for the delineation of these zones for soybean cultivation. A total of 255 soil samples were collected in the Continental biogeoregion of Croatia. Three methods for interpolation of clay, silt and sand soil content were evaluated using the split-sample method in five independent random repetitions. An automated algorithm for soil texture classification based on the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 12 classes was performed using Python script. Suitability classes for soybean cultivation per soil texture class were determined according to previous agronomic and soybean land suitability studies. Ordinary kriging produced the highest accuracy of tested interpolation methods for clay, silt and sand. Highly suitable soil texture classes for soybean cultivation, loam and clay loam, were detected in the northern part of the study area, covering 5.73% of the study area. The analysis of classification results per interpolation method indicated a necessity of the evaluation of interpolation methods as their performance depended on the normality and stationarity of input samples.
Morphological changes of sugar beet leaves in vegetative growth were monitored in the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. In both years leaf samples were collected on 6 dates from late May to September at ...20-day intervals, therefore more than 12,000 leaves were measured. On 20 August, the most common leaf length (309 leaves) ranged from 48.7 to 51.3 cm, petiole length was between 20.0 and 21.7 cm (274 leaves) and single leaf area (278 leaves) was between 117 and 139 cm2 (278 leaves). The most common leaf blade width was recorded on 10 July, and it ranged from 10.1 to 10.8 cm (279 leaves). Linear regression showed a highly significant relation^ship for leaf blade length and leaf area (R2 = 0.55, p <0.001), leaf blade width and leaf area (R2 = 0.87, p <0.001) and leaf petiole length and leaf area (R2 = 0.18, p <0.001). Thus, leaf blade width was the best parameter for predicting leaf area.
Sugar beet fertilization is a very complex agrotechnical measure for farmers. The main reason is that technological quality is equally important as sugar beet yield, but the increment of the root ...yield does not follow the root quality. Technological quality implies the concentration of sucrose in the root and the possibility of its extraction in the production of white table sugar. The great variability of agroecological factors that directly affect root yield and quality are possible good agrotechnics, primarily by minimizing fertilization. It should be considered that for sugar beet, the status of a single plant available nutrient in the soil is more important than the total amounts of nutrients in the soil. Soil analysis will show us the amount of free nutrients, the degree of soil acidity and the status of individual elements in the soil so that farmers can make a compensation plan. An estimate of the mineralizing ability of the soil, the N min, is very important in determining the amount of mineral nitrogen that the plant can absorb for high root yield and good technological quality. The amount of N needed by the sugar beet crop to be grown is an important factor, and it will always will be in the focus for the producers, especially from the aspect of trying to reduce the N input in agricultural production to preserve soils and their biodiversity but also to establish high yields and quality.
Selenium (Se) is a nonmetal that is essential for humans and other animals, and is considered beneficial for plants. The bioavailability of Se strongly influences its content in the food chain. Soils ...are the main source of Se, and their Se content primarily influences its availability, along with other soil properties. A field survey was conducted on soils of Southeast Europe, specifically in Croatia (Osijek), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Sarajevo, Banja Luka, Mostar, and Prud), and Serbia (Novi Sad). Soil samples were taken from the arable soil layer (0–30 cm depth), and two types of Se availability were measured: Se extracted using pure HNO3 (SeTot) and Se readily extracted in water (SeH2O). Only soils from the Mostar area had Se concentrations above deficit levels (0.5 mg kg−1), with the highest values of cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM) measured as loss of ignition (LOI), total C, total N, ZnTot and CdTot. The connections between the chemical characteristics of the soil and SeH2O were investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained 73.7% of the variance in the data set in the first three principal components (PCs). Using the provided data, we developed a partial least squares (PLS) regression model that predicted the amount of SeH2O in the soil, with an accuracy ranging from 77% to 90%, depending on the input data. The highest loadings in the model were observed for LOI, CEC, total C, total N, and SeTot. Our results indicate the need for biofortification in these key agricultural areas to supplement the essential dietary requirements of humans and livestock. To efficiently and economically implement biofortification measures, we recommend utilizing regression models to accurately predict the availability of Se.
Nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in grapevine production is an important objective for solving the trade-off between improving yield and quality in agroecosystems and reducing environmental impacts. ...Influence of soil nitrogen fertilization and Fe foliar application on iron dynamics in soil and grapevine leaves of the ‘Graševina’ cultivar on carbonate soil was conducted in a two-year study in 2018 and 2019. The experiment was settled in three replicates on a total of seven fertilization treatments that differed in used form of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar application of Fe before and after the flowering of the grapevine: control (C); calcium ammonium nitrate (KAN); calcium ammonium nitrate + foliar Fe (KAN+F); ammonium sulfate (AS); ammonium sulfate + foliar Fe (AS+F); ammonium sulfonitrate + foliar Fe (ASN+F); urea + foliar Fe (U+F). Mineral fertilization with acid-forming nitrogen fertilizers (AS and ASN) significantly affected local acidification of alkaline soil, i.e., reducing the actual and exchangeable soil pH reaction, which resulted in increased soil Fe availability. Despite the increase in soil iron availability, no increased iron bioaccumulation in the grapevine leaves was found in the flowering and veraison stages at treatments where foliar fertilization was omitted. Of all the observed treatments, only foliar fertilization had a positive effect on iron concentration in the grapevine leaves, which leads to the conclusion that this is an effective way to solve iron deficiency symptoms and chlorosis occurrence. The use of mineral fertilizers with acid-forming nitrogen fertilizers for many years can result in a reduction of required foliar treatments and thus significantly affect the ecological and economic aspects of grape production. Thus, integrated iron management is needed to meet the needs of the grapevine for this micronutrient and to reduce the occurrence of leaf chlorosis in carbonate soil.
A stationary field experiment of a reduced soil tillage was implemented at a Hypogley (Hypogleyic soils A–Gso–Gr soil horizon sequence) soil type of Eastern Croatia during three seasons and set up as ...a split-plot randomized block design in four repetitions. The tillage systems (TS) were as follows: 1) conventional tillage, i.e., plowing at 30 cm (CT), 2) disking up 10-12 cm (DT), 3) soil loosening up to 35 cm (LT), 4) no-tillage (NT). The experiment was designed to compare the penetration resistance (PR), soil moisture (SM), and bulk density (BD) at different TSs and soil depths. A cone penetrometer was used to measure the PR with 10 prods per TS, accompanied with a measurement of SM with a soil auger on every 10 cm, with four samples up to a 40-cm depth. The BD was determined by metal cylinders on every 10 cm up to a 30-cm depth, being weighed and dried thereafter to obtain an absolutely dry sample, and then calculated using absolutely a dry soil sample mass (m_s) and the soil volume (V). The PR and SM were significantly influenced by the TS and soil depth. The CT had the significantly lowest PR at all depths, while the DT has manifested a significantly higher PR at a soil depth amounting to 10 to 20 cm. The PR on NT were significantly diverse from the CT at all soil depths. The BD varied significantly concerning the TS and the soil depth. Subsequent to the three years, the CT had a significantly smaller BD at a depth amounting from 0 to 10 cm, and a significantly higher BD at 20- to 30-cm depth, compared to reduce the TS.
Stacionarni poljski pokus reducirane obrade tla proveden je u istočnoj Hrvatskoj na hipogleju tijekom triju sezona. Pokus je postavljen kao randomizirani blok-sustav u četiri ponavljanja. Sustavi obrade tla (TS) bili su sljedeći: 1) konvencionalna obrada tla oranjem na 30 cm (CT); 2) tanjuranje na 10–12 cm (DT); 3) rahljenje tla na 35 cm (LT); 4) no-tillage (NT). U eksperimentu su praćeni otpori tla (PR), vlaga tla (SM) i volumna gustoća tla (BD) na različitim TS-ovima i dubinama tla. Konusni penetrometar korišten je za mjerenje PR-a s 10 uboda po TS-u, praćeno sondiranjem za SM na svakih 10 cm, s četirima uzorcima do 40 cm dubine. BD je određen metalnim cilindrima na svakih 10 cm do 30 cm dubine. Izvagani uzorak je osušen do apsolutno suhoga uzorka, a zatim izračunan BD koristeći se apsolutno suhom masom uzorka tla (m_s) i volumena tla (V). PR i SM su bili pod značajnim utjecajem TS-a i dubine tla. CT je imao najniži PR na svim dubinama, DT je pokazao značajno veći PR na dubini tla od 10 do 20 cm u odnosu na CT. PR na NT bio je značajno različit od CT-a na svim dubinama tla. BD se znatno razlikovao po TS-u i dubini tla. Nakon tri godine CT je imao signifikantno manji BD na dubini 0-10 cm te signifikantno veći BD na dubini 20-30 cm u odnosu prema reduciranim sustavima obrade tla.
Kalcij i magnezij pripadaju skupini zemnoalkalijskih metala značajno zastupljenih u zemljinoj litosferi, odnosno skupini umjereno pokretnih makrohraniva koji imaju važnu ulogu u ishrani bilja. Svrha ...ovoga istraživanja jest usporedba količine ekstrahiranoga kalcija i magnezija otopinom amonijeva acetata (AA) i otopinom Mehlich 3 (Mehlich 3) iz tala
istočne Hrvatske. Ukupno 200 uzoraka oraničnih horizonata (0 - 30 cm) najzastupljenijih tipova tala prikupljeni su u pet županija istočne Hrvatske 2012. godine. Nakon određivanja pH vrijednosti i sadržaja ukupnih karbonata u tlu grupirani su uzorci tla (uzorci s manje od 3,5 i
više od 3,5% CaCO3). Utvrđeno je da metoda Mehlich 3 ekstrahira više kalcija i magnezija od metode AA, a razlike u količini ekstrahiranih kationa izraženije su kod karbonatnijih tala (>3,5% CaCO3), posebno za kalcij. U tlima s manjim sadržajem CaCO3 utvrđena je statistički vrlo
značajna korelaciju (P≤0,01) između metoda AA i Mehlich 3 u količini ekstrahiranoga kalcija i magnezija. Statistički je vrlo značajna korelacija (P≤0,01) utvrđena i između količina Mg AA i Mg Mehlich 3 u tlima sa sadržajem CaCO3 većim od 3,5%, što obje metode čini pogodnima za određivanje magnezija neovisno o sadržaju CaCO3 u tlu.
Calcium and magnesium belong to a group of alkaline earth metals from lithosphere moderately mobile macronutrients which play an important role in plant nutrition. The aim of this paper was to compare quantities
of extracted calcium and magnesium by ammonium acetate (AA) and by Mehlich 3 (Mehlich3) solutions from soils of eastern Croatia. The samples of the most representative soil types were gathered in five counties of eastern Croatia in 2012. After measuring the pH value and the overall carbonates being in soils, samples have been arranged into groups with less than 3.5% and more than 3.5% CaCO3. It was determined that Mehlich 3 method extracts more calcium and magnesium than AA method
and differences were especially pronounced for calcium in soils containing more carbonates. In soils with less CaCO3 the statistically very significant correlation (P≤0.01) was determined between AA and Mehlich 3 methods regarding extracted calcium and magnesium. The results
of these studies confirmed significant correlation (P≤0.01) between Mg AA and Mg Mehlich 3 methods in soils with more than 3.5% CaCO3 making both methods suitable for Mg determination regardless the soil CaCO3.
Soil plasticity is the area of soil consistency, i.e. it represents a change in soil condition due to different soil moisture influenced by external forces activity. Consistency determines soil ...resistance in tillage, therefore, the aim of the research was to determine the optimum soil moisture condition for tillage and the influence of the chemical and physical properties of the arable land horizons on the soil plasticity on three different types of soil (fluvisol, luvisol and humic glaysol). Statistically significant differences were found between all examined soil types, such as the content of clay particles, the density of packaging and the actual and substitution acidity, the cation exchange capacity and the content of calcium. There were also statistically significant differences between the examined types of soil for the plasticity limit, liquid limit and the plasticity index. The average established value of plasticity limit as an important element for determining the optimal moment of soil tillage was 18.9% mass on fluvisol, 24.0% mass on luvisol and 28.6% mass on humic glaysol. Very significant positive direction correlation with plasticity limits was shown by organic matter, clay, fine silt, magnesium, sodium and calcium, while very significant negative direction correlation was shown by hydrolytic acidity, coarse sand, fine sand and coarse silt. Created regression models can estimate the optimal soil moisture condition for soil cultivation based on the basic soil properties. The model precision is significantly increased by introducing a greater number of agrochemical and agrophysical soil properties, and the additional precision of the model can be increased by soil type data.
PDF
