The Himalayan range is one of the most tectonically active mountain ranges on Earth. The Jilong Valley is a deeply-dissected canyon in the Chinese Himalayas in Tibet, and in this valley, landslide ...hazard and risk have increased significantly in response to active crustal movements, intense rainfall and ever-increasing human interference. Landslide susceptibility assessment in the valley is fundamental for risk mitigation and to inform land use and planning but remains a challenge owing to the inaccessible high altitude and incomplete landslide inventory. In addition, because of sustained glacial erosion, weathering, and denudation, there is considerable uncertainty in the use of remote sensing interpretation of landslides in high-altitude terrain. In this paper, therefore, a systematic approach for landslide susceptibility assessment is proposed, combining the interpretations from remotely sensed dataset and both heuristic and statistical susceptibility models to overcome the problem of the limited spatial coverage of landslide data and uncertainty in landslide interpretation. The main steps include: 1) landslide field investigation and interpretation and the compilation of a preliminary landslide inventory, including certain and probable landslides, 2) knowledge-driven identification of landslide-prone areas based on the heuristic model, 3) classification and quantification of the uncertainty of probable landslides through heuristic landslide-prone areas mapping and the production of a revised landslide inventory, and 4) data-driven susceptibility assessment using a statistical model. In the statistical model, the landslide samples have multivalent dependent variables between 0 and 1. Therefore, a multinomial statistical classifier and multiclass Receiver Operation Characteristic curves are needed for model calibration and validation. The statistical susceptibility mapping showed good performance in the study area, with an average AUC of 0.867, which is a significant improvement over the heuristic model. The methodology presented can be used for landslide susceptibility mapping in data-scarce environments, not only in the Himalayan region but also in other mountainous areas where there is a lack of data on past landslide occurrences.
•A method proposed for landslide susceptibility with incomplete landslide inventory.•Uncertain landslide sample interpreted from remote sensing data is considered.•Landslide susceptibility is assessed with multinomial logistic regression model.
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) is a common malignant tumor associated with EBV infection. The molecular classification of gastric carcinoma indicates that EBVaGC is a ...distinct subtype in terms of oncogenesis and molecular features. Viral proteins, Bam–HI–A rightward transcripts (BART) miRNAs, and Bam-HI A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) promote oncogenesis after EBV infection via the induction of methylation, regulation of host gene expression, and malignant transformation. Together with abnormal mutations and amplification of the host genome as driving factors, interactions between the EBV genome and host genome accelerate carcinogenesis. The molecular profile of EBVaGC is that of EBV driving DNA hypermethylation, frequent phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) mutations, and the overexpression of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and PD-L2. Clinically, the frequency of lymph node metastasis is lower, and the prognosis is better for EBVaGC than EBV-negative gastric cancer (EBVnGC). Pathologically, EBVaGC is a gastric adenocarcinoma with lymphoid stroma. This review interprets how the EBV genome is involved in the oncogenesis of gastric cancer and describes the molecular and clinicopathological features of EBVaGC.
•EBVaGC is a distinct subtype of gastric cancer in oncogenesis, molecular profile, and clinicalpathology.•EBV and host genome interactions promote EBV-associated gastric carcinogenesis.•Viral proteins, BART miRNAs, and BARF1 promote oncogenesis.
The primary aim of this study is to research the characteristics of a slide motion and its relationships with environmental triggers, with reference to the Quchi landslide, which is a large, ...slow-moving, reactivated landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir region. Since 2006, this instability has been involved in a slow-moving process with clearly visible signs (ground fissures, cracking of houses and road). The landslide consists of 18 Mm3 rock masses threatening Quchi Town and a road that is crucial for local transportation. For civil protection purposes, a continuous monitoring system has been put into use since 2009. Combining four years of meteorological and hydrological data with GPS displacement measurements and in situ observations, allows a detailed identification of the key processes involved. The deformation is thought to be closely related to precipitations and fluctuating reservoir levels: slope movements have a highly distinctive pattern that is characterized by high deformation starting in June and lasting into September, when the reservoir level drops and rainfall increases, followed by a rapid transition to constant deformation until the next wet season. In order to investigate in detail the influences of rainfall and fluctuating water levels on the hydromechanical behavior of the landslide, a series of two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed using the Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC). The modeling reveals that precipitation mainly mobilizes the slope materials on the upper part of the slope, while the other trigger factor—fluctuating water levels—destabilizes the foot of the slope into a multistage failure with a remarkable retrogressive evolution. The slide is most likely to collapse in a complex pattern characterized by en masse sliding on the upper part of the slope and a retrogressive rupture at its foot.
•Investigations show that the Quchi landslide is a reactivated old instability.•The deformation pattern of the slide is periodically stepped/graded, which is closely related to the hydrological factors.•The DEM modeling reveals the separate influences of rainfall and fluctuating water level on the behavior of the slide.•The slide fails in a composed pattern: en masse sliding on the upper part of the slope and a retrogressive rupture at its foot.
A compact wideband bandpass filter with a wide passband and very‐wide out‐of‐band suppression is presented. The filter is constructed from a central rectangular‐ring resonator with two open stubs ...placed around it symmetrically. In addition, tri‐section stepped‐impedance resonators are symmetrically distributed on both sides of the two open stubs, and two symmetrical funnel‐shaped resonators are included to enhance out‐of‐band suppression. The out‐of‐band performance of filter is very good, with a suppression level greater than 20 dB up to 25.72 GHz. The center frequency of the filter is 5.84 GHz, with a fractional bandwidth of 115.8%. Good agreement between the simulations and measurements validates the design principle.
Abstract
The problem of odor caused by solid wood and its lacquer finish is increasingly serious. In this study, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry is used to analyze the volatile ...organic compounds and odor-active substances released from
Phoebe neurantha
(Hemsl.) Gamble lacquered with three types of lacquers, which is helpful in solving furniture’s odor problem. The results show that olefin emission of the three types of lacquer coating for
P. neurantha
(Hemsl.) Gamble decreases by more than 90% but that total volatile organic compound release increases. Among these, polyurethane (PU) lacquer could lead to a sharp increase of ester and aromatic hydrocarbons. Waterborne lacquer also releases numerous esters and alcohol compounds. Ultraviolet (UV)-curable lacquer has the greatest inhibitory effect on alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones and does not release esters or other compounds, but the release of toluene increases sharply. Benzaldehyde, toluene, and 1,3-dimethylbenzene are identified as key odor characteristic compounds of
P. neurantha
(Hemsl.) Gamble. Aromatic and fruity are the main odor characteristics of
P. neurantha
and three types of lacquer decoration studied. The overall odor intensity increases with lacquer treatment, especially PU lacquer. Among them, UV lacquer has the lowest overall odor intensity.
The development of automated grading equipment requires achieving high throughput and precise detection of disease spots on jujubes. However, the current algorithms are inadequate in accomplishing ...these objectives due to their high density, varying sizes and shapes, and limited location information regarding disease spots on jujubes. This paper proposes a method called JujubeSSD, to boost the precision of identifying disease spots in jujubes based on a single shot multi-box detector (SSD) network. In this study, a diverse dataset comprising disease spots of varied sizes and shapes, varying densities, and multiple location details on jujubes was created through artificial collection and data augmentation. The parameter information obtained from transfer learning into the backbone feature extraction network of the SSD model, which reduced the time of spot detection to 0.14 s. To enhance the learning of target detail features and improve the recognition of weak information, the traditional convolution layer was replaced with deformable convolutional networks (DCNs). Furthermore, to address the challenge of varying sizes and shapes of disease spot regions on jujubes, the path aggregation feature pyramid network (PAFPN) and balanced feature pyramid (BFP) were integrated into the SSD network. Experimental results demonstrate that the mean average precision at the IoU (intersection over union) threshold of 0.5 (mAP@0.5) of JujubeSSD reached 97.1%, representing an improvement of approximately 6.35% compared to the original algorithm. When compared to existing algorithms, such as YOLOv5 and Faster R-CNN, the improvements in mAP@0.5 were 16.84% and 8.61%, respectively. Therefore, the proposed method for detecting jujube disease spot achieves superior performance in jujube surface disease detection and meets the requirements for practical application in agricultural production.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Determining maintenance demand ahead of mission is crucial to practical weapon maintenance, particularly to regional warship weapon maintenance. Attention is paid only to reliability, and the nature ...of mission or the consequence of damage is ignored while determining the regional warship weapon maintenance demand. For this reason, a method for determining regional maintenance demand based on simulation is put forward in this paper. Regional weapon maintenance system is first analyzed to build a mission-oriented maintenance demand model with the concept of mission-induced failure. Subsequently, the Anylogic platform is employed because of its advantages including agent modeling simulation and visualized process display. Four types of agent are designed for the regional maintenance system. The process of determining maintenance demand based on simulation is established on this basis. An example is eventually taken to calculate and verify the universality and effectiveness of the simulation model.
The prediction of soil deformation during tunneling is very difficult for Double-O-Tube (DOT) shield tunnel construction, especially for the shield rolling. According to the characteristics of DOT ...shield tunneling and rolling, a calculation model of soil deformation due to tunneling-induced ground loss was established. Based on the stochastic medium theory, the theoretical solutions of soil deformations considering the rolling of DOT shield machine were derived by polar coordinate transformation and multi-subdomain integral method. The predicted surface settlement from the proposed solution is better agreement with the observed data than those obtained by the two previous methods (namely the equivalent excavated-area method (EAM) and the simple superstition method (SM)). In addition, only ground surface settlement can be estimated under no rolling of DOT shield machine using the two previous methods, while this proposed solution owns great progress in solving the subsoil deformation and the influences of rolling. In order to further study the influence of DOT shield rolling angle on soil deformation under different engineering conditions, the parameter sensitivity analyses regarding the tunnel depth h, the ground loss parameter ɛ and the influence zone angle β0 were extensionally discussed.
ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter proteins are one of the most extensive protein families known to date and are ubiquitously found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. ABCs have a variety of ...functions, such as plant tissue development regulation, hormone transport, and biotic and abiotic stress resistance. However, the gene characterization and function of the ABC gene family in almond (Prunus dulcis) have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we identified 117 PdABC genes using the whole genome of 'Wanfeng' almond obtained by sequencing and explored their protein characterization. The PdABC family members were classified into eight subfamilies. The members of the same subfamily had conserved motifs but poorly conserved numbers of exons and introns and were unevenly distributed among the eight subfamilies and on the eight chromosomes. Expression patterns showed that PdABC family members were significantly differentially expressed during almond development, dormant freezing stress, and salt stress. We found that PdABC59 and PdABC77 had extremely high expression levels in pollen. PdABC63 and PdABC64 had high expression levels during almond petal development and multiple stages of flower development. PdABC98 was highly expressed in annual dormant branches after six temperature-freezing stress treatments. PdABC29, PdABC69, and PdABC98 were highly expressed under different concentrations of salt stress. This study preliminarily investigated the expression characteristics of ABC genes in different tissues of almond during flower development, freezing stress and salt stress, and the results will provide a reference for further in-depth research and breeding of almond in the future.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Filamentous fungi possess the capacity to produce a wide array of secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities and structures, such as lovastatin and swainsonine. With the advent of the ...post-genomic era, increasing amounts of cryptic or uncharacterized secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters are continually being discovered. However, owing to the longstanding lack of versatile, comparatively simple, and highly efficient genetic manipulation techniques, the broader exploration of industrially important secondary metabolites has been hampered thus far. With the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing technology, this dilemma may be alleviated, as this advanced technique has revolutionized genetic research and enabled the exploitation and discovery of new bioactive compounds from filamentous fungi. In this review, we introduce the CRISPR/Cas9 system in detail and summarize the latest applications of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in filamentous fungi. We also briefly introduce the specific applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and CRISPRa in the improvement of secondary metabolite contents and discovery of novel biologically active compounds in filamentous fungi, with specific examples noted. Additionally, we highlight and discuss some of the challenges and deficiencies of using the CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing technology in research on the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites as well as future application of CRISPR/Cas9 strategy in filamentous fungi are highlighted and discussed.
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